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Marinid Dynasty



The Anglicised name used for this article derives from the Arabic Banu Marin (also Benī Merīn, which is the source of the Spanish name).

The Marinid dynasty (aka Marinid or Benemerine dynasty) was formed in 1244 and were largely concentrated in present-day Morocco. They overtook the Almohads in controlling most of the Maghreb from the mid-1300s to the 15th century, and also supported the Kingdom of Granada, in Al-Andalus, in the 13th and 14th centuries. The last Marinid fortress in Spain fell to Castile in 1344, and they were in turn replaced by the Hafsid dynasty in 1465.

The Marinid (aka Beni Marin, Arabic: مرينيون marîniyûn or بنو مرين banû marîn; Spanish Mariní/Mariníes) were originally a Zenata-Berber tribe of North Africa. The Marinid stock was related to the Umayyads in Córdoba, Spain .

History

Enlarge picture
Court of the medersa Bou Inania in Meknes (Morocco)


The Marinids originally came from Ifriqiya, through the southeast of present-day Morocco, from which they were expelled in 1224 by another tribe, the Hilali. As early as 1145 the Marinids engaged in battles with the Almohad, which defeated them until 1169.

In 1169, the Marinids began their pursuit of taking Morocco from the Almohads, the ruling dynasty at the time. Following their expulsion from the south, they moved northwards under command of Abu Yahya ibn Abd al-Haqq and took Fes in 1248, making it their capital. This marked the beginning of the Marinid dynasty.

The Marinid leadership installed in Fes declared war on the Almohads with the aid of Christian mercenaries. Abu Yusuf Yaqub (1259-1286) captured Marrakech in 1269, and then took control of most of the Maghreb towards the end of 1268, including present-day Morocco, Algeria and part of Tunisia. After the Nasrids cession of Algeciras to the Marinidas, Abu Yusuf went to Andalucia to support them in their struggle against the Kingdom of Castile.

Having obtained this control, the Marinid dynasty tried to extend its control to the commercial traffic of the Strait of Gibraltar. To this end, they declared jihad on the Christians and occupied the cities of Rota, Algiers and Gibraltar successively, surrounding Tarifa for the first time in 1294.

Internal power struggles among the Merinids followed, which didn't however prevent Abu Said Utman II (1310-1331) from substantial construction work in Fez. Several madrassas for the education of public servants were founded, in order to support the centralisation of administration and to reduce the influence of the not always reliable Marabuts.

The Marinids also strongly influenced the policy of the Kingdom of Granada, from which they enlarged their army in 1275. In the mid 1300s, Castile made several incursions into Morocco and in 1267 a full-scale invasion of Morocco, but the Marinids successfully defended Morocco and drove out the Spaniards.

Under Abu Hasan (1331-1348) another attempt to reunite the Maghreb was made. In 1337 the empire of the Abdalwads in modern-day Algeria was conquered, followed in 1347 by the empire of the Hafsids in Ifriqiya (Tunisia). However in 1340 the Merinids suffered a crushing defeat at the hands a Castilian-Aragonese coalition at the Battle of Rio Salado, and finally had to withdraw from Andalucia. Abu l-Hasan was deposed by his son Abu Inan Faris (1348-1358), who tried to reconquer Algeria and Tunisia. Despite several successes, the dynasty began to decline after the murder of Abu Inan Faris, strangled by his own vizier in 1358.

Unruly Bedouin and Berber tribes increasingly spread anarchy in Morocco, which accelerated the fall of the empire. The support of the Marabuts also declined, after the Merinids reduced their financial support in the 15th century due to a financial crisis. The empire became fractured into multiple small kingdoms and city-states, such as the Kingdom of Fez, which partitioned from the Marinid dynasty in 1374, and opposed the Kingdom of Marrakech. The Kingdom of Fez covered a vast area in today's eastern Algeria to the gates of Tlemsen, Spanish Plaza de soberanía and northern Morocco.

Merinid rulers after 1358 came under the control of the Wattasids which exercised the real power in the empire as viziers. They rotated Merinid sultans, often still children, in quick succession to ensure a strong viziership. The Wattasids were however equally unable to consolidated the empire, so that in 1415 Portugal occupired the town of Ceuta and by 1513 had occupied all important harbours on the Atlantic coast of Morocco. After Abdalhaqq II (1421-1465) tried in vain to break the power of the Wattasids, they finally toppled the dynasty of the Merinids.

Chronology of events

Chronology of Marinid rulers

External links

References

Preceded by
Almohad Dynasty		Marinid Dynasty
1195–1465		Succeeded by
Wattasid Dynasty
Motto
"Allāh, al Waţan, al Malik"   (transliteration)
"God, Nation, King"
Anthem
Hymne Chérifien
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The Almohad Dynasty (From Arabic الموحدون al-Muwahhidun, i.e. "the monotheists" or "the Unitarians"), was a Berber, Muslim dynasty that was founded in the 12th century, and conquered all northern Africa as far as Libya,
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Centuries: 12nd century - 13rd century - 14th century

1270s 1280s 1290s - 1300s - 1310s 1320s 1330s
1300 1301 1302 1303 1304
1305 1306 1307 1308 1309

- -
-

Events and Trends


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15th century was that century which lasted from 1401 to 1500.

Events


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Al-Andalus (Arabic: الأندلس al-andalus) was the Arabic name given to those parts of the Iberian Peninsula governed by Muslims, or Moors, at various times in the period between 711 and 1492.
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Motto
"Plus Ultra"   (Latin)
"Further Beyond"
Anthem
"Marcha Real" 1
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The Crown of Castile, as a historic entity, is usually considered to have begun with the final and definitive union of the two kingdoms of León and Castile in 1230, or in fact with the union of their parliament a few decades later.
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AD Tulunid dynasty 868-905 Hamdanid dynasty 890-1004 Ikhshidid dynasty 935-969 Uqaylid Dynasty 990-1096 Zengid dynasty 1127-1250 Ayyubid dynasty 1171-1246 Bahri dynasty 1250-1382 Burji dynasty 1382–1517


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al-‘Arabiyyah in written Arabic (Kufic script):  
Pronunciation: /alˌʕa.raˈbij.ja/
Spoken in: Algeria, Bahrain, Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco, Oman,
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 Spanish, Castilian}}} 
Writing system: Latin (Spanish variant)
Language codes
ISO 639-1: none
ISO 639-2: —
ISO 639-3: —

Spanish (
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The Zenata are one of the main divisions of the medieval Berbers, along with Senhaja and Masmuda. They were traditionally nomads whose main home was the Middle Maghreb, an area stretching, roughly speaking, from the Rif to Chlef.
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North Africa or Northern Africa is the northernmost region of the African continent, separated by the Sahara from Sub-Saharan Africa. Geopolitically, the UN definition of Northern Africa includes the following seven territories:


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AD Tulunid dynasty 868-905 Hamdanid dynasty 890-1004 Ikhshidid dynasty 935-969 Uqaylid Dynasty 990-1096 Zengid dynasty 1127-1250 Ayyubid dynasty 1171-1246 Bahri dynasty 1250-1382 Burji dynasty 1382–1517


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State Party  Spain
Type Cultural
Criteria i, ii, iii, iv
Reference 313
Region Europe and North America

Inscription History
Inscription 1984  (8th Session)
Extensions
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Motto
"Plus Ultra"   (Latin)
"Further Beyond"
Anthem
"Marcha Real" 1
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In medieval history, Ifriqiya or Ifriqiyah (Arabic: إفريقية) was the area comprising the coastal regions of what are today western Libya, Tunisia, and eastern Algeria. This area included what had been the Roman province of Africa.
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Motto
"Allāh, al Waţan, al Malik"   (transliteration)
"God, Nation, King"
Anthem
Hymne Chérifien
..... Click the link for more information.
The Almohad Dynasty (From Arabic الموحدون al-Muwahhidun, i.e. "the monotheists" or "the Unitarians"), was a Berber, Muslim dynasty that was founded in the 12th century, and conquered all northern Africa as far as Libya,
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11st century - 12nd century - 13rd century
1130s  1140s  1150s  - 1160s -  1170s  1180s  1190s
1166 1167 1168 - 1169 - 1170 1171 1172

Politics
State leaders - Sovereign states
Birth and death categories
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Motto
"Allāh, al Waţan, al Malik"   (transliteration)
"God, Nation, King"
Anthem
Hymne Chérifien
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Abu Yahya ibn Abd al-Haqq (? - 1258?) was a Marinid ruler. He was the son of Abd al-Haqq I and the brother of both Uthman I and Muhammad I.

Preceded by
Muhammad I Marinid Dynasty
still fighting the Almohads to reign all over Morocco
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Fes or Fez (Arabic فاس [Fās], French Fès) is the third largest city in Morocco, after Casablanca and Rabat, with a population of 946,815 (2004 census). It is the capital of the Fès-Boulemane Region.
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1248 in other calendars
Gregorian calendar 1248
MCCXLVIII
Ab urbe condita 2001
Armenian calendar 697
ԹՎ ՈՂԷ
Bah' calendar -596 – -595
Buddhist calendar 1792
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Fes or Fez (Arabic فاس [Fās], French Fès) is the third largest city in Morocco, after Casablanca and Rabat, with a population of 946,815 (2004 census). It is the capital of the Fès-Boulemane Region.
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A mercenary is a person who takes part in an armed conflict who is not a national of a Party to the conflict and "is motivated to take part in the hostilities essentially by the desire for private gain and, in fact, is promised, by or on behalf of a Party to the conflict, material
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State Party  Morocco
Type Cultural
Criteria i, ii, iv, v
Reference 331
Region Arab States

Inscription History
Inscription 1985  (9th Session)
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1268 in other calendars
Gregorian calendar 1268
MCCLXVIII
Ab urbe condita 2021
Armenian calendar 717
ԹՎ ՉԺԷ
Bah' calendar -576 – -575
Buddhist calendar 1812
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