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Mehmed IV Ottoman Period | |
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by Ibrahim I | Ottoman Sultan 1648–87 | Succeeded by Suleiman II |
Mehmed IV (Ottoman Turkish: محمد رابع Meḥmed-i rābi‘; also known as Avcı, "hunter") (January 2, 1642–1693) was the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1648 to 1687. Taking the throne at age seven, his reign was significant as he changed the nature of the Sultan's position forever by giving up most of his executive power to his Grand Vizier.
Early life
Born in 1642, he was the son of Sultan Ibrahim (1640–48) by a Russian concubine, Turhan Hadice Sultan, and the grandson of Kösem Sultan of Greek origin.[1][2][3][4] Soon after his birth, his father and mother quarreled, and Ibrahim was so enraged that he tore Mehmed from his mother's arms and flung the infant into a cistern. Fortunately, Mehmed was rescued by the harem servants. His father's actions resulted in Mehmed cutting his head, which left him with a lifelong scar.[5]Reign
Mehmed ascended to the throne in 1648 at the age of only seven. His ascension marked the end of a very volatile time for the Ottoman Dynasty; there had been a Mustafa I deposed twice and two Sultans killed, including Mehmed’s father and predecessor, Ibrahim I.Confrontation with Cossacks
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Reply of the Zaporozhian Cossacks to Sultan Mehmed IV, a famous painting by Ilya Repin.
An incident during Mehmed IV's reign is remembered mainly in Russia and Ukraine. The Zaporozhian Cossacks, though defeated in the field by the Ottoman forces, refused the Sultan's demand to submit and answered him with a letter full of invective, a scene commemorated in the famous late 19th century painting Reply of the Zaporozhian Cossacks by the Russian painter Ilya Repin.
Later life and death
After his deposition by the combined forces of Yeğen Osman and the janissaries in 1687, Mehmed was imprisoned in Topkapı Palace. However, he was permitted to leave the Palace, from time to time, as he died in Edirne in 1692. He was buried in his mother's, Turhan Hadice Sultan's tomb, near her mosque in Istanbul. Just before he died, in 1691, a plot was discovered, in which the senior clerics of the empire planned to reinstate Mehmed on the throne, in response to the ill health of his successor, Suleiman II.Accomplishments
Sultan Mehmed IV was known as Avcı, "the hunter", as this outdoor exercise took up much of his time.His reign is notable for a brief revival of Ottoman fortunes led by the infamous Grand Vizier, Mehmed Köprülü. Köprülü regained the Aegean islands from Venice and fought successful campaigns against Transylvania (1664) and Poland (1670–1674). At one point, when Mehmed IV allied himself with Petro Doroshenko, Ottoman rule was close to extending into Podolia and Ukraine. See Reply of the Zaporozhian Cossacks for his correspondence with the Cossacks.
A later vizier, Kara Mustafa was less able. Supporting the 1683 Hungarian uprising of Imre Thököly against Austrian rule, Kara Mustafa marched a vast army through Hungary and besieged Vienna at the Battle of Vienna. On the Kahlenberg Heights, the Ottomans were utterly routed by the Imperial army (under Charles V, Duke of Lorraine) and the vengeful Poles led by their King, John III Sobieski (1674–96).
Notes
1. ^ E. van Donzel, Islamic Desk Reference: Compiled from the Encyclopaedia of Islam, Brill Academic Publishers, p 219
2. ^ Robert Bator, Daily Life in Ancient and Modern Istanbul, Runestone Press, p 42
3. ^ Douglas Arthur Howard, The History of Turkey, Greenwood Press, p 195
4. ^ [1]
5. ^ John Freely - Inside the Seraglio published 1999, Chapter 9: Three Mad Sultans
2. ^ Robert Bator, Daily Life in Ancient and Modern Istanbul, Runestone Press, p 42
3. ^ Douglas Arthur Howard, The History of Turkey, Greenwood Press, p 195
4. ^ [1]
5. ^ John Freely - Inside the Seraglio published 1999, Chapter 9: Three Mad Sultans
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Sultans of the Ottoman Empire | |
|---|---|
| Rise (1299–1453) | Osman I - Orhan I - Murad I - Bayezid I - Mehmed I - Murad II - Mehmed II |
| Growth (1453–1683) | Bayezid II - Selim I - Suleiman I - Selim II - Murad III - Mehmed III - Ahmed I - Mustafa I - Osman II - Murad IV - Ibrahim I - Mehmed IV |
| Stagnation (1683–1827) | Suleiman II - Ahmed II - Mustafa II - Ahmed III - Mahmud I - Osman III - Mustafa III - Abdul Hamid I - Selim III - Mustafa IV - Mahmud II |
| Decline (1828–1908) | Abdlmecid - Abdlziz - Murad V - Abdul Hamid II |
| Dissolution (1908–1923) | Mehmed V - Mehmed VI |
Stagnation of the Ottoman Empire (1683-1827) was a period after the growth (extend of lands) of the Empire reached its maximum. During stagnation the empire continued to be militarily strong.
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Ibrahim I (in Arabic ابراهيم الأول) (November 5, 1615 – August 12, 1648) was the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1640 until 1648.
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The Ottoman Dynasty (or the Imperial House of Osman) ruled the Ottoman Empire from 1281 to 1923, beginning with Osman I (not counting his father, Ertuğrul), though the dynasty was not proclaimed until 1383 when Murad I declared himself sultan.
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Suleiman II (April 15, 1642 – 1691) (Ottoman Turkish: سليمان ثانى Süleymān-i sānī) was the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1687 to 1691.
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Sultan (Arabic: سلطان) is an Islamic title, with several historical meanings. Originally it was an Arabic language abstract noun meaning "strength", "authority", or "rulership", derived from the Arabic
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Ottoman Empire or Ottoman Caliphate (1299 to 1922) (Old Ottoman Turkish: دولت عالیه عثمانیه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish:
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- See also Vizier.
Grand Vizier, Sadr-ı Azam (Sadrazam) or Serdar-ı Ekrem (in Ottoman Turkish "صدر اعظم" or "وزیر اعظم";
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Ibrahim I (in Arabic ابراهيم الأول) (November 5, 1615 – August 12, 1648) was the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1640 until 1648.
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Turhan Hatice (Sultan) or Turhan Hadice (Sultan) (1627–1682), was concubine to Ottoman sultan Ibrahim I and the mother of his successor, Mehmed IV. She was of Russian origin.
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K̦sem Sultan (c. 1589 Р3 September 1651) was a consort of Sultan Ahmed I, She was the mother of Sultans Murad IV and Ibrahim I, she was a prominent figure during the sultanate of the women and became the most powerful woman in Ottoman history[1].
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cistern (Middle English cisterne, from Latin cisterna, from cista, box, from Greek kistê, basket) is a receptacle for holding liquids, usually water. Often cisterns are built to catch and store rainwater.
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Mustafa I (born 1591 in Manisa – died January 20, 1639 in Istanbul) (Arabic: مصطفى الأول) was the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1617 to 1618 and from 1622 to 1623.
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Ibrahim I (in Arabic ابراهيم الأول) (November 5, 1615 – August 12, 1648) was the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1640 until 1648.
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The Janissaries (derives from Ottoman Turkish: يكيچرى (yeniçeri) meaning "new soldier") comprised infantry units that formed the Ottoman sultan's household troops and bodyguard.
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Edirne (see also its ) is a city in Thrace, the westernmost part of Turkey, close to the borders with Greece and Bulgaria.
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Turhan Hatice (Sultan) or Turhan Hadice (Sultan) (1627–1682), was concubine to Ottoman sultan Ibrahim I and the mother of his successor, Mehmed IV. She was of Russian origin.
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