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Miletus

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For the mythological hero who supposedly founded the city, see Miletus (mythology). For the butterflies with the same name, see Miletus (genus).

Miletus(Μίλητος)
Ancient City of Greece
(Milet)
Enlarge picture
The Theater of Miletus
The Theater of Miletus


Miletus (Carian: Anactoria Hittite: Milawata or Millawanda, Greek: Μίλητος transliterated Miletos, Turkish: Milet) was an ancient city on the western coast of Anatolia (in what is now Aydin Province, Turkey), near the mouth of the Maeander River in ancient Caria. The site first became inhabited in the Bronze age. The city was part of the Ionian League.

Legend

Homer records that during the time of the Trojan War, it was a Carian city (Iliad, book II). Other Greek myths relate that the city was founded by a hero named Miletus, who fled Crete to avoid being forced to become the eromenos of King Minos (according to Antoninus Liberalis, after Nicander (Metamorphoses XXX 1-2)). These myths further relate that the hero Miletus found the city only after slaying a giant named Asterius, son of Anax; and that the region known as Miletus was originally called 'Anactoria'.

Location

Miletus is south of Soka. The ruin lies 5 km north of Akkoy. It is believed that Paul stopped by Great Harbour Monument and sat on its steps, on his way back to Jerusalem by boat. He may have met the Ephesian Elders there and then bid them farewell on the nearby beach, which was recorded in the book of Acts.

History

Bronze Age

Enlarge picture
Map of Miletus and Other Cities within the Lydian Empire
Miletus is first mentioned in the Hittite Annals of Mursili II as Millawanda. In ca. 1320 BC, Millawanda supported the rebellion of Uhha-Ziti of Arzawa. Mursili ordered his generals Mala-Ziti and Gulla to raid Millawanda, and they proceeded to burn parts of it (damage from LHIIIA:2 has been found on-site: Christopher Mee, Anatolia and the Aegean in the Late Bronze Age, p. 142). In addition the town was fortified according to a Hittite plan (ibid, p. 139).

Millawanda is then mentioned in the "Tawagalawa letter", part of a series including the Manapa-Tarhunta letter and the Milawata letter, all of which are less securely dated. The Tawagalawa letter notes that Milawata had a governor, Atpa, who was under Ahhiyawan (today known as Achaean) jurisdiction; and that the town of Atriya was under Milesian jurisdiction. The Manapa-Tarhunta letter also mentions Atpa. Together the two letters tell that the adventurer Piyama-Radu had humiliated Manapa-Tarhunta before Atpa (in addition to other misadventures); a Hittite king then chased Piyama-Radu into Millawanda and, in the Tawagalawa letter, requested Piyama-Radu's extradition to Hatti.

The Milawata letter mentions a joint expedition by the Hittite king and a Luwiyan vassal (probably Kupanta-Kurunta of Mira) against Milawata (apparently its new name), and notes that Milawata (and Atriya) were now under Hittite control.

In the last stage of LHIIIB, the citadel of Pylos counted among its female slaves "Mil[w]atiai", women from Miletus.

During the collapse of Bronze Age civilisation, Miletus was burnt again - presumably by the Sea Peoples.

Mythology

During the Classical period, the women of Miletus retained a tradition of never sitting at table with their husbands.

Mythographers told that Neleus son of Codrus of Athens had come to Miletus after the return of the Heraclids (so, during the Greek Dark Age). The Ionians killed the men of Miletus and married their widows.

Historical Period

The city of Miletus became one of the twelve Ionian cities of Asia Minor. Its gridlike layout, planned by Hippodamos, became the basic layout for Roman cities. The city also once possessed a harbor, before it was clogged by alluvium brought by the Meander.

Miletus was one of the cities involved in the Lelantine War of the 8th century BCE. By the 6th century BC, Miletus had earned a maritime empire but brushed up against powerful Lydia at home.

When Cyrus of Persia defeated Croesus of Lydia, Miletus fell under Persian rule. In 502 BC, the Ionian Revolt began in Naxos; and when Miletus's tyrant Aristagoras failed to recapture the island, Aristagoras joined the revolt as its leader. Persia quashed this rebellion and punished Miletus in such a fashion that the whole of Greece mourned it. A year afterward, Phrynicus produced the tragedy The Capture of Miletus in Athens. The Athenians fined him for reminding them of their loss.

In 479 BC, the Greeks decisively defeated the Persians at the Greek mainland, and Miletus was freed of Persian rule. During this time several other cities were formed by Milesian settlers, spanning across what is now Turkey and even as far as Crimea.

Miletus was an important center of philosophy and science, producing such men as Thales, Anaximander and Anaximenes. The courtesan Aspasia, mistress of Pericles, was also born in Miletus.

In 334 BC, the city was liberated from Persian rule by Alexander the Great.

The New Testament mentions Miletus as the site where the apostle Paul met with the elders of the church of Ephesus before his capture and travel to Rome for trial, as well as the city where Trophimus, one of Paul's travelling companions, recovered while sick.

During the Byzantine age Miletus became a residence for archbishops. The small Byzantine castle called Castro Palation located on the hill beside the city, was built at this time.

Seljuk Turks settled into the city in the 12th century A.D. and used Miletus as a port to trade with Venice.

Finally, Ottomans utilized the city as a harbour during their rule in Anatolia. As the harbour became silted up, the city was abandoned. Today the ruins of city lie some 10 kilometres from the sea.

Inhabitants

Important Pre-Socratic philosophers are said to originate from Miletus. These include Thales, Anaximander and Anaximenes. The noted historian Hecataeus of Miletus was native to the city, and was heavily involved during the Persian occupation of Anatolia.

Colonies of Miletus

Pliny the Elder mentions 90 colonies founded by Miletus in his Natural History (5.112).

Archaeological excavations

The first excavations in Miletus were conducted by the French archaeologist Olivier Rayet in 1873, followed by the German archaeologist Theodor Wiegand. But these were interrupted several times by wars and various other events. Today, excavations are organized by the Ruhr University of Bochum, Germany.

One remarkable artifact recovered from the city during the first excavations of the 19th century, the Market Gate of Miletus, was transported piece by piece to Germany and currently exhibited at the Pergamon museum in Berlin. The main collection of artifacts resides in the Miletus Museum in Didim, Aydın, serving since 1973.

Twin towns

Bălţi (2000)

See also

References

External links

Coordinates:
According to some accounts, Miletus was a boy loved by all three sons of Europa—Minos, Rhadamanthus and Sarpedon. The brothers fought over him and Minos won the battle. However, the boy loved Sarpedon the best.
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Miletus

Species

Miletus biggsii
Miletus boisduvali
Miletus longeana
Miletus symethus
...
Miletus is a genus of butterflies.
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Carian}}} 
Writing system: Carian script
Language codes
ISO 639-1: none
ISO 639-2: ine
ISO 639-3: xcr

The Carian language was the language of the Carians.
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Hittite}}}
Language codes
ISO 639-1: none
ISO 639-2: hit
ISO 639-3: hit

Hittite is the extinct language once spoken by the Hittites, a people who created an empire centered on ancient Hattusas (modern Boğazkale) in
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Greek}}} 
Writing system: Greek alphabet 
Official status
Official language of:  Greece
 Cyprus
 European Union
recognised as minority language in parts of:
 European Union
 Italy
 Turkey
Regulated by:
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Transliteration is the practice of transcribing a word or text written in one writing system into another writing system. It is also the system of rules for that practice.

Technically, from a linguistic point of view, it is a mapping from one system of writing into another.
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Turkish (Türkçe, ] (help info )
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Ancient history is the study of the written past from the beginning of human history until the Early Middle Ages[1]. The goal of the modern day critical ancient historian is objectivity.
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Motto
Yurtta Sulh, Cihanda Sulh
Peace at Home, Peace in the World
Anthem
İstiklâl Marşı
The Anthem of Independence
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The Büyük Menderes River (historically the Maeander also spelled "Meander"); Turkish: Büyük Menderes Nehri, Greek: Μαίανδρος) is a river in southwestern Turkey.
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Caria (Greek: Καρία) was a region of Anatolia situated south of Ionia and west of Phrygia and Lycia. The eponymous inhabitants were known as Carians, and came to Caria before the Greeks.
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The term Bronze Age refers to a period in human cultural development when the most advanced metalworking (at least in systematic and widespread use) consists of techniques for smelting copper and tin from naturally occurring outcroppings of ore, and then alloying those metals in
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The Ionian League (also called the Panionic League) was a confederacy formed as early as 800 BC comprising 12 Ionian cities. These were listed by Herodotus (I.142) as
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Homer is the name given to the purported author of the early Greek poems the Iliad and the Odyssey. It is now generally believed that they were composed by illiterate aoidoi (rhapsodes) in an oral tradition in the 8th or 7th century BC.
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Trojan War was waged, according to Greek mythology, against the city of Troy by the armies of the Achaeans (Mycenaean Greeks), after Paris of Troy stole Helen from her husband Menelaus, king of Sparta.
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The Carians (Greek: Κάρες; Kares) were the inhabitants of Caria.

Legend

According to tradition, the Carians were named after eponymous Car, one of their legendary early kings (Herodotus, 1.171).
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iLiad is an electronic handheld device, or e-book device, which can be used for document reading and editing. Like the Sony Reader, the iLiad makes use of an electronic paper display.

Description

Main specifications:
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According to some accounts, Miletus was a boy loved by all three sons of Europa—Minos, Rhadamanthus and Sarpedon. The brothers fought over him and Minos won the battle. However, the boy loved Sarpedon the best.
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Crete (Greek Κρήτη—classical transliteration Krētē, modern Greek transliteration Kríti; Ottoman Turkish گريد (Girit); Classical Latin Crēta, Vulgar Latin Candia
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eromenos (Greek ἐρώμενος, pl. "eromenoi") was an adolescent boy who was in a love relationship with an adult man, known as the erastes (ἐραστής).
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MINOS (or Main Injector Neutrino Oscillation Search) is a particle physics experiment designed to study the phenomena of neutrino oscillations, first discovered by Super-Kamiokande experiment in 1998.
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Hittite may refer to:
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Mursili II was a king of the Hittite Empire (New kingdom) from ca. 1322 BCE to ca. 1295 BCE[1]. He was the younger son of Suppiluliuma I, one of the most powerful rulers of the Hittite Empire.
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14th century BC - 13rd century BC

1350s BC 1340s BC 1330s BC - 1320s BC - 1310s BC 1300s BC 1290s BC
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1324 BC 1323 BC 1322 BC 1321 BC 1320 BC

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Events and trends


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Uhha-Ziti was the last independent king of Arzawa, a Bronze Age kingdom of western Anatolia.

Uhha-Ziti had two recorded children, Piyama-Kurunta and Tapalazunauli, who were of fighting age as of 1322 BC.
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Arzawa is a region or kingdom in what was later to be known as Lydia in Western Anatolia. It was the western neighbour and sometimes vassal of the Hittites, and probably bordered on the Assuwa league to the north.
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The Tawagalawa letter (CTH 181) was written by a Hittite king (generally accepted as Hattusili III) to a king of Ahhiyawa around 1250 BC. This letter, of which only the third tablet has been preserved, concerns the activities of an adventurer Piyama-Radu against the Hittites, and
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The Manapa-Tarhunta letter (CTH 191; KUB 19.5 + KBo 19.79) is a Hittite letter discovered in the 1980s. It was written by a client king called Manapa-Tarhunta to an unnamed Hittite king around 1295 BCE.
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The Milawata letter (CTH 182) is a diplomatic correspondence from a Hittite king at Hattusa to a client king in western Anatolia around 1240 BCE. The letter demands that the client resolve a dispute over hostages, turn over fugitives from Hittite justice, and turn over a pretender
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