United States Armed Forces
United States Joint Service Color Guard on parade at Fort Myer. United States Joint Service Color Guard on parade at Fort Myer in Arlington County, Virginia.
Service branches	U.S. Army U.S. Marine Corps U.S. Navy U.S. Air Force U.S. Coast Guard
Leadership
Commander-in-Chief	George W. Bush
Secretary of Defense	Robert M. Gates
Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff	Admiral Michael Mullen
Manpower
Military age	17-45 years old [1]
Available for military service	67,742,879 males, age 18-49 (2005 est.), 67,070,144 females, age 18-49 (2005 est.)
Fit for military service	54,609,050 males, age 18-49 (2005 est.), 54,696,706 females, age 18-49 (2005 est.)
Reaching military age annually	2,143,873 males (2005 est.), 2,036,201 females (2005 est.)
Active personnel	1,426,713 (ranked 2nd)
Reserve personnel	858,500
Expenditures
Budget	$548.9 billion [1] (ranked 1st)
Percent of GDP	4.06 (2005 est.)
Related articles
History	Colonial wars American Revolutionary War Early national period Continental expansion American Civil War Post-Civil War era World War I (1917-1918) World War I (1941-1945) Cold War (1945–1991) Post-Cold War era (1991–2001) War on Terrorism (2001–present)
Ranks	United States Army officer rank insignia, United States Army enlisted rank insignia, United States Navy officer rank insignia, United States Navy enlisted rates, United States Marine Corps officer rank insignia, United States Marine Corps enlisted rank insignia United States Air Force officer rank insignia, United States Air Force enlisted rank insignia, United States Coast Guard ranks

The United States Armed Forces is the military service of the United States and is structured into five branches.

• U.S. Army
• U.S. Marine Corps
• U.S. Navy
• U.S. Air Force
• U.S. Coast Guard

All branches are part of the United States Uniformed Services and are under civilian control with the President serving as commander-in-chief. All branches except the Coast Guard are part of the Department of Defense, which is under the authority of the Secretary of Defense, who is also a civilian. The Coast Guard falls under the authority of the Department of Homeland Security. During wartime, the Coast Guard may be placed under the Department of Defense through the Department of the Navy in times of need acting as a service to the Navy.^[2]

Approximately 1,426,713 personnel are currently on active duty in the military with an additional 1,259,000 personnel in the seven reserve components .^[3] As it is currently a volunteer military, there is no conscription. Women are not allowed to serve in some combat assignments, but they are allowed to serve in most non-combat specialties. Due to the realities of war some of these non-combat positions see combat regularly. ^[4]

Much of U.S. military capability is involved in logistics and transportation, which enable rapid buildup of forces as needed. The Air Force maintains a large fleet of C-5 Galaxy, C-17 Globemaster, and C-130 Hercules transportation aircraft with an equally large fleet of aerial refuelling tankers. The Marine Corps maintains Marine Expeditionary Units at sea with the Navy's Atlantic and Pacific Fleets. The Navy's fleet of 11 active aircraft carriers, combined with a military doctrine of power projection, enables a flexible response to potential threats. For these reasons, the United States military is the most powerful in the world.

Organization

Under the United States Constitution, the President of the United States is the Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces. To coordinate military action with diplomatic action, the President has an advisory National Security Council headed by a National Security Advisor.

Under the President is the United States Secretary of Defense, a Cabinet Secretary responsible for the Department of Defense.

Both the President and Secretary of Defense are advised by the Joint Chiefs of Staff composed of the service chiefs and led by the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff and the Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff.

The Goldwater-Nichols Department of Defense Reorganization Act of 1986 (PL 99-433) reworked the command structure of the United States military, introducing the most sweeping changes to the United States Department of Defense since it was established in the National Security Act of 1947. The Goldwater-Nichols Reorganization Act was signed into law by President Ronald Reagan on October 1, 1986.

The Goldwater-Nichols Act streamlined the military chain of command, which now runs from the President through the Secretary of Defense directly to unified combat commanders, bypassing the Joint Chiefs of Staff, who were assigned to an advisory role. Each service is responsible for organizing, training and equipping military units for the commanders of the various Unified Combatant Command.

National Command organizational chart

Personnel

The United States military is ranked second largest in the world, behind China, and has troops deployed around the globe. As in most militaries, members of the U.S. Armed Forces hold a rank, either officer or enlisted, and can be promoted.

In early 2007 the Secretary of Defense proposed a plan to expand the active duty size of the Army and Marines to 550,000 and 202,000 troops, respectively, bringing the active duty strength of the entire military to 1,479,000 servicemen.

Personnel in each service

As of April 30, 2007 (women as of September 2006)

Service	Total Active Duty Personnel (Percent of Total)	Percentage Female	Enlisted	Officers
Army	507,082 (36%)	14%	419,816	82,486
Marine Corps	180,000 (13%)	6.2%	160,072	19,309
Navy	340,568 (23%)	14.9%	285,129	51,087
Air Force	340,921 (24%)	20.1%	268,252	68,373
Coast Guard	41,181 (3%)	10.7%	31,286	7,835
Total	1,426,713 (100%)	14.9%	1,133,269	221,255

Personnel deployed

Main article: Deployments of the United States Military

Overseas

As of 2005, the United States occupied over 700 military bases in over 36 countries worldwide.^[5] Some of the largest contingents are: Iraq||185,500 (September 2006)>

Germany	75,603
Japan (United States Forces Japan)	40,045
South Korea (United States Forces Korea)	29,086
Italy	10,449
United Kingdom	10,331

According to United States Army Lt. Gen. Ray Odierno (lead commander of day-to-day operations for Operation Iraqi Freedom), as of May 5, 2007 there are approximately 160,000 U.S. troops currently deployed in Iraq.^[6] Approximately 15,000 U.S. troops are engaged elsewhere throughout the Middle East, with most forces currently deployed in Operation Enduring Freedom in Afghanistan.

Within the United States

Including U.S. territories and ships afloat within territorial waters

A total of 1,112,684 personnel are on active duty within the United States including:^[7]

Continental U.S.	900,088
Hawaii	33,343
Alaska	17,714
Afloat	109,119
Guam	3,784
Puerto Rico	1,552

Types of Personnel

Junior Enlisted

After enlistment, new Army recruits undergo Basic Combat Training (BCT), followed by schooling, referred to as Advanced Individual Training (AIT), in their primary Military Occupational Specialty (MOS) at any of the numerous MOS training facilities around the world. Other branches may use different terminology; for example, Air Force Basic Military Training graduates attend Technical Training, colloquially called "Tech School," and upon completion are awarded an Air Force Specialty Code (AFSC) at the apprentice (3) skill level.

Initially, recruits without higher education or college degrees will hold the paygrade of E-1, and will be elevated to E-2 usually after the completion of Basic Combat Training and with a minimum of six months Time-In-Service (TIS). Different services have different incentive programs for enlistees, such as higher initial ranks for college credit and referring friends who go on to enlist as well.

With parent/guardian permission, applicants can enlist at the age of 17 and participate in the Delayed Entry Program (DEP). In this program, the applicant is given the opportunity to participate in locally sponsored military-related activities, which can range from sports to competitions (each recruiting station DEP program will vary), led by recruiters or other military liaisons. Participation in this programs is an example of the different opportunities the recruits have to elevate in rank before their departure to Basic Combat Training.

There are several different authorized paygrade advancement requirements in each junior enlisted rank category (E-1 to E-4), which differ by service. Enlistees in the Army can attain the initial paygrade of E-4 (Specialist) with a full four-year degree, but the highest initial entry paygrade is usually E-3. Promotion through the junior enlisted ranks is generally noncompetitive, with promotions occurring upon attaining a specified number of years of service, a specified level of technical proficiency and maintenance of good conduct.

Noncommissioned Officer

With very few exceptions, the only direct path to the non-commissioned officer ranks in the United States military are through the lower enlisted ranks. Unlike promotion through the lower enlisted tier, promotion through the NCO ranks are generally competitive. NCO ranks begin at E-4 (E-5 in the Air Force and, with some exceptions, the Army) and are generally attained at between three and six years of service. Junior noncommissioned officers (pay grades E-4, E-5 and E-6) function as front line supervisors, squad leaders, and technical experts, training the junior enlisted in their duties and guiding their career advancement.

Senior Noncommissioned Officer/ Staff Noncommissioned Officer

While by law considered part of the non-commissioned officer corps, senior noncommissioned officers referred to as Chief Petty Officers in the Navy and Coast Guard, or staff noncommissioned officers in the Marine Corps, perform duties more focused on leadership rather than technical expertise. Promotion to the SNCO ranks (E-7 through E-9 in the Navy and Coast Guard; E-6 through E-9 in the Marine Corps) is highly competitive. Manning at the pay grades of E-8 and E-9 are limited by Federal law to 2% and 1% of a service's enlisted force, respectively. SNCOs act as leaders of small units and as staff. Some SNCOs manage programs at headquarters level, and a select few wield responsibility at the highest levels of the military structure. All SNCOs are expected to mentor junior commissioned officers as well as the enlisted in their duty sections. The typical enlistee can expect to attain SNCO rank at between 13 and 18 years of service.

Each of the five services employs a single senior enlisted advisor at departmental level. This individual is the highest ranking enlisted member within his (no females have yet been so appointed) respective service and functions as the chief advisor to the service secretary, service chief of staff, and Congress on matters concerning the enlisted force. These individuals carry responsibilities and protocol requirements equivalent to general and flag officers. They are as follows:

• Sergeant Major of the Army
• Master Chief Petty Officer of the Navy
• Chief Master Sergeant of the Air Force
• Sergeant Major of the Marine Corps
• Master Chief Petty Officer of the Coast Guard

Warrant Officer

Main article: Warrant Officer (United States)

Additionally, all services except for the U.S. Air Force have an active Warrant Officer corps. Above the rank of Warrant Officer One, these officers are also commissioned officers, but usually serve in a more technical and specialized role within units. More recently though they can also serve in more traditional leadership roles associated with the more recognizable officer corps. With one notable exception, these officers ordinarily have already been in the military often serving in senior NCO positions in the field in which they later serve as a Warrant Officer as a technical expert. The exception to the NCO rule is the case of helicopter and fixed wing pilots in the U.S. Army; although most Army pilots have indeed served some enlisted time, it is also possible to enlist, complete basic training, go directly to the Warrant Officer Candidate school at Fort Rucker, Alabama, and then on to flight school.

The Air Force ceased to grant warrant officer commissions in 1959 when the grades of E-8 and E-9 were created. Most non-flying duties performed by warrant officers in other services are instead performed by senior NCOs in the Air Force.

Commissioned Officer

There are five common ways for one to receive a commission as an officer in one of the branches of the U.S. military (although other routes are possible).

• Reserve Officer Training Corps (ROTC)
• Officer Candidate School (OCS): This can be through active-duty military academies, or, in the case of the National Guard, through state-run military academies.
• Service Academies (United States Military Academy at West Point, New York; United States Naval Academy at Annapolis, Maryland; United States Air Force Academy at Colorado Springs, Colorado; the United States Coast Guard Academy at New London, Connecticut; and the United States Merchant Marine Academy at Kings Point, New York.)
• Direct Commission Officers (DCOs) - civilians who have special skills that are critical to sustaining military operations and supporting troops may receive what are called "direct commissions". These officers occupy leadership positions in the following areas: law, medicine, dentistry, nurse corps, intelligence, supply-logistics-transportation, engineering, public affairs, chaplain corps, oceanography, and others.
• Battlefield commission - enlisted personnel who have skills that separate them from their peers can become officers if an overseeing general/commander feels such a promotion is appropriate/necessary. This type of commission is rarely granted and is reserved only for the most exceptional enlisted personnel, and it is done on an ad hoc basis, typically only in wartime. No direct battlefield commissions have been awarded since the Vietnam War. The Air Force and Navy do not employ this commissioning path.

Officers receive a commission assigning them to the Officer Corps from the President (with the consent of the Senate).

Through their careers, officers usually will receive further training at one or a number of the many U.S. military staff colleges.

Company grade officers (pay grades O-1 through O-3) function as leaders of smaller units or sections of a unit, typically with an experienced SNCO assistant and mentor. Field grade officers (pay grades O-4 through O-6) lead significantly larger and more complex operations, with gradually more competitive promotion requirements. General officers, or flag officers, serve at the highest levels and oversee major portions of the military mission, from base command on up.

History

Main article: Military history of the United States

Prior to and during the founding of the United States, military forces were supplied by untrained militia commanded by the states. When the Continental Congress first ordered a Continental Army to be formed, it was to be made up of militia from the states. That army, under the command of General George Washington, won the Revolutionary War, but afterwards was disbanded.

However, it soon became obvious that a standing army and navy were required. The United States Navy began when Congress ordered several frigates in 1794, and a standing army was created, however it was still only minimal and it relied mostly on contributions from state militia in times of war.

Between the founding of the nation and the Civil War, American military forces fought and won against Barbary Coast pirates; fought the War of 1812 against the British, which ended in the status quo; and won several southwestern territories from the Mexicans in the Mexican-American War. In 1861, with the beginning of the Civil War, many military forces, including most of the nation's best generals, became part of the Confederate military, and both armies fought a long, bloody struggle which consumed 600,000 lives and ended in Union (U.S.) victory in 1865.

In the period between the Civil War and the 1890s, the military was allowed to languish, although units of the U.S. Army did fight Native Americans as settlers moved into the center of the United States. By the end of the century, though, America was rapidly becoming a new superpower. The military fought the Spanish-American War and the Philippine-American War, along with several Latin American interventions, and Teddy Roosevelt sent the Great White Fleet around the world in a display of American power. In addition, the Militia Act of 1903 established the National Guard.

The United States entered World War I in 1917 and played a major role in the Allied victory. It languished in the interwar period, but as tensions mounted leading up to World War II, the force was put back into shape. U.S. Army troops were a large component of the forces that took North Africa, Italy, and landed in France at D-Day, and U.S. Navy, Marine, and Army troops were heavily involved in Pacific campaign against Japan and its allies.

The end of World War II was the start of the Cold War, a large but ultimately non-violent struggle between the United States and its NATO Allies and the Soviet Union and its Warsaw Pact allies. Thousands of U.S. troops were deployed to Europe in anticipation of a struggle that never came.

However, U.S. troops did participate in proxy wars in Korea and Vietnam. The Korean War, with North Korea and China against South Korea, the U.S., and other UN troops, ultimately returned to the status quo. The Vietnam War between North Vietnam and South Vietnam and the U.S., was ultimately a failure, resulting in U.S. pullout and unification of the country under communism.

In the 1980s, the U.S. military fought Operation Just Cause in Panama and Operation Urgent Fury in Grenada. The United States conducted various combat operations in the Persian Gulf against Iran, most notably Operation Praying Mantis. In addition, the Goldwater-Nichols Act completely reorganized the military. By 1989, it was clear the Soviet Union was on the verge of collapse and it looked like the U.S. military would be left with no one to fight. However, when Iraq invaded Kuwait in 1991, the United States entered the Persian Gulf War. The military forces of the U.S. and other nations easily defeated the Iraqi Army with minimal losses, proving the combat readiness of the new all-volunteer military. After this brief war and the breakup of the Soviet Union, the U.S. military had relatively little to do throughout the remainder of the 1990s, barring interventions in Yugoslavia and Kosovo.

After the September 11th terrorist attacks in 2001, U.S. military forces were an integral part of the War on Terror. U.S. and NATO forces invaded Afghanistan in 2001, and in 2003 the U.S. and several other countries invaded Iraq. While the initial invasion was successful, the occupation quickly bogged down after the defeat of the conventional Iraqi forces, with daily violence and terrorist attacks. However, some milestones have been reached, such as the capture and execution of Saddam Hussein and democratic elections.

References

See also

See also the Uniformed services of the United States

Doctrines

• Full-spectrum dominance

Related military forces

• United States National Guard
• State Defense Forces

History

• Military history of the United States
• List of military actions by or within the United States
• United States military historical joint commands
• List of United States military history events
• List of United States military books

Education and training

• United States military academies
• United States military staff colleges

People

• Awards and decorations of the United States military
• Servicemembers' Group Life Insurance
• TRICARE - Health care plan for the U.S. uniformed services

Places

• List of United States military bases

Lists

• List of individual weapons of the U.S. Armed Forces
• List of land vehicles of the U.S. Armed Forces

External links

• Official U.S. DOD site
• United States Order of Battle
• [http://www.kamouflage.net/camouflage/00181/en_index.php Kamouflage.net > U.S. Military camouflage patterns]
• Global Security on U.S. Military Operations
• Military News
• Today's Military website
• US Military ranks and rank insignia
• US Military Mottos

Branch links

• U.S. Army
• U.S. Marine Corps
• U.S. Navy
• U.S. Air Force
• U.S. Coast Guard

Preceded by Winston Churchill	Time's Man of the Year (The American Fighting-Man) 1950	Succeeded by Mohammed Mossadegh
Preceded by The Whistleblowers (Represented by Cynthia Cooper of Worldcom, Sherron Watkins of Enron, and Coleen Rowley of the FBI)	Time's Person of the Year (The American Soldier) 2003	Succeeded by George W. Bush

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