Nobel Prize in Economics
Information about Nobel Prize in Economics
The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel, commonly called the Nobel Prize in Economics, is a prize awarded each year for outstanding intellectual contributions in the field of economics. The prize is generally considered the most prestigious honor in economics. Although it is awarded in accordance with same principles as Nobel Prizes established in the will of Alfred Nobel, it is formally not a Nobel Prize.[1] The award was initiated some 70 years after the death of Alfred Nobel by the Swedish Central Bank on its 300th anniversary in 1968, and first awarded in 1969. It is administered by the Nobel Foundation and the economics laureates are selected by the Nobel Committee. The laureates receive their diploma and gold medal from the Swedish monarch at the same December 10 ceremony in Stockholm as the laureates in physics, chemistry, physiology or medicine, and literature. In comparison to the original Nobel Prizes, the only practical difference is that the Swedish Central Bank provides the cash award for the prize in economics.[2]
The economics laureates receive their diploma and gold medal from the Monarch of Sweden at the same December 10 ceremony in Stockholm as the Nobel laureates in physics, chemistry, physiology or medicine, and literature. The cash award for the economics laureates is equal to that of the Nobel Prizes, and has been 10 million Swedish kronor (Oct 2007: approximately 1 million Euro) since 2001.[11]
In February 1995, it was decided that the economics prize be essentially defined as a prize in social sciences, opening the economics prize to great contributions in fields like political science, psychology, and sociology. Also, the Economics Prize Committee was changed to require two non-economists to decide the prize each year, whereas previously the prize committee had consisted of five economists.
Some critics claim the prize has a bias towards Neoclassical economics.[14][15] The laissez-faire Chicago School of Economics has garnered eight Nobel prizes - more than any other university. Assar Lindbeck was the chair of the selection committee from 1980-1994 and was on the committee since its inception in 1969. He has advocated drastic cutbacks in Sweden's welfare state,[16] has criticised Sweden's attempt to have "capitalism with-out capitalists"[17] and favours the introduction of a voucher system in education. He has also worked with Michael Walker, Douglass North, Gary Becker and Friedman in constructing an Economic Freedom Index. This is claimed to create either a bias or an appearance of bias against candidates with an alternate view, such as Keynesian or Neo-Keynesian candidates. Even Friedman stated that Joan Robinson was 'blackballed' because of her espousal of Keynesianism.[18]
Probably due to its long name, many people have referred to the economics award by several different names. During the Nobel Banquet, many laureates have chosen to not name the prize. Those that have, have referred to the prize as:
The press and other agencies have also called the prize:
Award process
The prize is awarded by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences "in accordance with the rules governing the award of the Nobel Prizes instituted through his [Alfred Nobel's] will."[2] Every year in September, the Prize Committee, a five member committee elected by the the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, sends around 3000 invitations to professors, scientists, and other qualified nominators requesting proposals for candidates for the following year's prize.[2][5] All proposals and their supporting evidence must be received before February 1.[5] Afterwards, the proposals are reviewed by the Prize Committee and specially appointed experts. Before the end of September, the committee chooses potential laureates. If there is a tie, then the chairman of the committee casts the deciding vote. Next, the potential laureates must be approved by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. Members of the Ninth Class (the social sciences division) of the Academy vote in mid-October to determine the next economics laureate.[2][8][9] As with the Nobel Prizes, no more than three people can share the prize for a given year and they must be alive when the prize announcement is made in October. Similarly, information about the nominations is not publicly disclosed for 50 years.[5]The economics laureates receive their diploma and gold medal from the Monarch of Sweden at the same December 10 ceremony in Stockholm as the Nobel laureates in physics, chemistry, physiology or medicine, and literature. The cash award for the economics laureates is equal to that of the Nobel Prizes, and has been 10 million Swedish kronor (Oct 2007: approximately 1 million Euro) since 2001.[11]
In February 1995, it was decided that the economics prize be essentially defined as a prize in social sciences, opening the economics prize to great contributions in fields like political science, psychology, and sociology. Also, the Economics Prize Committee was changed to require two non-economists to decide the prize each year, whereas previously the prize committee had consisted of five economists.
Controversies and criticisms
There have been lawsuits and disputes over the legitimacy of the economics prize. Some critics argue that the prestige of the prize derives in part from its association with the Nobel Prizes, an association which has often been a source of controversy. Among the most vocal critics of the economics prize is the Swedish human rights lawyer Peter Nobel, who is a great-grandnephew of Alfred Nobel.[12] Swedish economist Gunnar Myrdal and former Swedish minister of finance Kjell-Olof Feldt have also advocated that the prize should be abolished.[13] In the case of at least the former, however, this objection was based on his opinion that the prize awarded to liberal economists Milton Friedman and Friedrich Hayek was undeserved - not that economics itself did not qualify as a science. Friedrich Hayek stated he would "have decidedly advised against it" if he had been asked about the establishment of the prize.[13]Some critics claim the prize has a bias towards Neoclassical economics.[14][15] The laissez-faire Chicago School of Economics has garnered eight Nobel prizes - more than any other university. Assar Lindbeck was the chair of the selection committee from 1980-1994 and was on the committee since its inception in 1969. He has advocated drastic cutbacks in Sweden's welfare state,[16] has criticised Sweden's attempt to have "capitalism with-out capitalists"[17] and favours the introduction of a voucher system in education. He has also worked with Michael Walker, Douglass North, Gary Becker and Friedman in constructing an Economic Freedom Index. This is claimed to create either a bias or an appearance of bias against candidates with an alternate view, such as Keynesian or Neo-Keynesian candidates. Even Friedman stated that Joan Robinson was 'blackballed' because of her espousal of Keynesianism.[18]
About the name
Since the official name of the prize is in Swedish, the English name for the prize has varied throughout its history. The Nobel Foundation has translated the name to the following:| Years | Official name in English |
|---|---|
| 1969-1970 | Prize in Economic Science dedicated to the memory of Alfred Nobel[19][20] |
| 1971 | Prize in Economic Science[21] |
| 1972 | Bank of Sweden Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel[22] |
| 1973-1977, 1983 | Prize in Economic Science in Memory of Alfred Nobel[23][24][25] |
| 1978-1982, 1984-1990 | Alfred Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences[26][27][28][29] |
| 1991 | Sveriges Riksbank (Bank of Sweden) Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel[30] |
| 1992-2005 | Bank of Sweden Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel[31][32] |
| 2006-2007 | The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel[33][34] |
Probably due to its long name, many people have referred to the economics award by several different names. During the Nobel Banquet, many laureates have chosen to not name the prize. Those that have, have referred to the prize as:
| Year: Laureate | Laureate's name for the prize |
|---|---|
| 1969: Jan Tinbergen[35] | Alfred Nobel Memorial Prize for Economics |
| 1970: Paul A. Samuelson[36] | Alfred Nobel Memorial Awards in Economics |
| 1971: Simon Kuznets,[37] 1994: John C. Harsanyi[38] | Nobel Memorial Prize |
| 1974: Friedrich August von Hayek[39] | Nobel Memorial Prize for economic science |
| 1975: Tjalling C. Koopmans[40] | award for economics |
| 1976: Milton Friedman,[41] 1981: James Tobin[42], 2006: Edmund S. Phelps[43] | Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel |
| 1979: Theodore W. Schultz,[44] 1995: Robert E. Lucas Jr.,[45] | Nobel Prize in Economics |
| 1988: Maurice Allais[46] | Prix Nobel d'Economie (French for Nobel Prize in Economics) |
| 1981: Lawrence R. Klein[47] | Prize in Economic Science |
The press and other agencies have also called the prize:
- "Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics"[48][49]
- "Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences"[50]
In popular culture
In the television series The West Wing, the fictional US president Josiah Bartlet is a Nobel laureate in economics.Laureates
The following is a list of all laureates in economics.[51]
Year Name Country Topics 1969 Ragnar Frisch
Jan Tinbergen
Norway
Netherlandsfor having developed and applied dynamic models for the analysis of economic processes 1970 Paul Samuelson 
United Statesfor the scientific work through which he has developed static and dynamic economic theory and actively contributed to raising the level of analysis in economic science 1971 Simon Kuznets United Statesfor his empirically founded interpretation of economic growth which has led to new and deepened insight into the economic and social structure and process of development 1972 John Hicks
Kenneth Arrow
United Kingdom United Statesfor their pioneering contributions to general economic equilibrium theory and welfare theory 1973 Wassily Leontief United Statesfor the development of the input-output method and for its application to important economic problems. 1974 Gunnar Myrdal
Friedrich Hayek
Sweden United Kingdom/ Austriafor their pioneering work in the theory of money and economic fluctuations and for their penetrating analysis of the interdependence of economic, social and institutional phenomena 1975 Leonid Kantorovich
Tjalling Koopmans
Soviet Union United Statesfor their contributions to the theory of optimum allocation of resources 1976 Milton Friedman United Statesfor his achievements in the fields of consumption analysis, monetary history and theory and for his demonstration of the complexity of stabilisation policy 1977 Bertil Ohlin
James Meade Sweden United Kingdomfor their pathbreaking contribution to the theory of international trade and international capital movements 1978 Herbert Simon United Statesfor his pioneering research into the decision-making process within economic organizations 1979 Theodore Schultz
Arthur Lewis United States United Kingdomfor their pioneering research into economic development research with particular consideration of the problems of developing countries. 1980 Lawrence Klein United Statesfor the creation of econometric models and the application to the analysis of economic fluctuations and economic policies 1981 James Tobin United Statesfor his analysis of financial markets and their relations to expenditure decisions, employment, production and prices 1982 George Stigler United Statesfor his seminal studies of industrial structures, functioning of markets and causes and effects of public regulation 1983 Gérard Debreu United Statesfor having incorporated new analytical methods into economic theory and for his rigorous reformulation of the theory of general equilibrium. 1984 Richard Stone United Kingdomfor having made fundamental contributions to the development of systems of national accounts and hence greatly improved the basis for empirical economic analysis 1985 Franco Modigliani 
Italyfor his pioneering analyses of saving and of financial markets 1986 James M. Buchanan United Statesfor his development of the contractual and constitutional bases for the theory of economic and political decision-making 1987 Robert Solow United Statesfor his contributions to the theory of economic growth 1988 Maurice Allais 
Francefor his pioneering contributions to the theory of markets and efficient utilization of resources 1989 Trygve Haavelmo Norwayfor his clarification of the probability theory foundations of econometrics and his analyses of simultaneous economic structures 1990 Harry Markowitz
Merton Miller
William Forsyth Sharpe United Statesfor their pioneering work in the theory of financial economics 1991 Ronald Coase United Kingdomfor his discovery and clarification of the significance of transaction costs and property rights for the institutional structure and functioning of the economy 1992 Gary Becker United Statesfor having extended the domain of microeconomic analysis to a wide range of human behaviour and interaction, including non-market behaviour 1993 Robert Fogel
Douglass North United Statesfor having renewed research in economic history by applying economic theory and quantitative methods in order to explain economic and institutional change 1994 John Harsanyi
John Forbes Nash
Reinhard Selten United States United Statesfor their pioneering analysis of equilibria in the theory of non-cooperative games 1995 Robert Lucas, Jr. United Statesfor having developed and applied the hypothesis of rational expectations, and thereby having transformed macroeconomic analysis and deepened our understanding of economic policy 1996 James Mirrlees
William Vickrey United Kingdom United Statesfor their fundamental contributions to the economic theory of incentives under asymmetric information 1997 Robert C. Merton
Myron Scholes United States
Canadafor a new method to determine the value of derivatives 1998 Amartya Sen India for his contributions to welfare economics 1999 Robert Mundell Canadafor his analysis of monetary and fiscal policy under different exchange rate regimes and his analysis of optimum currency areas 2000 James Heckman United Statesfor his development of theory and methods for analyzing selective samples Daniel McFadden United Statesfor his development of theory and methods for analyzing discrete choice 2001 George Akerlof
Michael Spence
Joseph E. Stiglitz United Statesfor their analyses of markets with asymmetric information. 2002 Daniel Kahneman United States/ Israelfor having integrated insights from psychological research into economic science, especially concerning human judgment and decision-making under uncertainty Vernon L. Smith United Statesfor having established laboratory experiments as a tool in empirical economic analysis, especially in the study of alternative market mechanisms 2003 Robert F. Engle
Clive Granger United States United Kingdomfor methods of analyzing economic time series with time-varying volatility or common trends 2004 Finn E. Kydland
Edward C. Prescott Norway United Statesfor their contributions to dynamic macroeconomics: the time consistency of economic policy and the driving forces behind business cycles 2005 Robert Aumann (ישראל אומן)
Thomas SchellingIsrael/ United States United Statesfor having enhanced our understanding of conflict and cooperation through game-theory analysis 2006 Edmund Phelps United Statesfor his analysis of intertemporal tradeoffs in macroeconomic policy 2007 Leonid Hurwicz, Eric S. Maskin, Roger B. Myerson United Statesfor having laid the foundations of mechanism design theory References
1. ^ Qualified Nominators – The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel. The Nobel Foundation. Retrieved on 2007-10-18.
2. ^ Statutes for The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel approved by the Crown on the 19th day of December 1968. The Nobel Foundation. Retrieved on 2007-10-18.
3. ^ Statutes for The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel approved by the Crown on the 19th day of December 1968. The Nobel Foundation. Retrieved on 2007-10-18.
4. ^ Statutes for The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel approved by the Crown on the 19th day of December 1968. The Nobel Foundation. Retrieved on 2007-10-18.
5. ^ Nomination and Selection of the Laureates in Economics. The Nobel Foundation. Retrieved on 2007-10-18.
6. ^ Nomination and Selection of the Laureates in Economics. The Nobel Foundation. Retrieved on 2007-10-18.
7. ^ Statutes for The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel approved by the Crown on the 19th day of December 1968. The Nobel Foundation. Retrieved on 2007-10-18.
8. ^ Nominating and awarding. Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. Retrieved on 2007-10-18.
9. ^ Members. Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. Retrieved on 2007-10-18.
10. ^ Nomination and Selection of the Laureates in Economics. The Nobel Foundation. Retrieved on 2007-10-18.
11. ^ The Prize Amount. The Nobel Foundation. Retrieved on 2007-10-18.
12. ^ "Nobel descendant slams Economics prize", The Local, 28 Sept 2005. Retrieved on 2007-08-31.
13. ^ Samuel Brittan. "The not so noble Nobel Prize", The Financial Times, 19 December 2003. Retrieved on 2007-08-31.
14. ^ Sylvia Nasar. "The Sometimes Dismal Nobel Prize in Economics", New York Times, October 13 2001. Retrieved on 2007-10-18.
15. ^ Alex Millmow. "An IgNobel Scandal", Post-Autistic Economics Review, May 2 2002. Retrieved on 2007-10-18.
16. ^ Lindbeck, Assar; et al. (1994). Turning Sweden Around. MA: MIT Press. ISBN 0262121816.
17. ^ Thorvaldur Gylfason. "An Interview with Assar Lindbeck", University of Iceland and CEPR, 21 January 2005. Retrieved on 2007-10-16.
18. ^ Feldman, Burton (2000). The Nobel Prize: A History of Genius, Controversy, and Prestige. New York: Arcade. ISBN 155970537X.
19. ^ Lundberg, Erik (1969-12-10). The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 1969: Presentation Speech. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved on 2007-10-17.
20. ^ Lindbeck, Assar (1970-12-10). The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 1970: Presentation Speech. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved on 2007-10-17.
21. ^ Ohlin, Bertil (1971-12-10). The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 1971: Presentation Speech. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved on 2007-10-17.
22. ^ The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 1972: Press Release. Nobel Foundation (1972-12-10). Retrieved on 2007-10-17.
23. ^ The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 1973: Press Release. Nobel Foundation (1973-12-10). Retrieved on 2007-10-17.
24. ^ The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 1977: Press Release. Nobel Foundation (1977-12-10). Retrieved on 2007-10-17.
25. ^ The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 1983: Press Release. Nobel Foundation (1983-12-10). Retrieved on 2007-10-17.
26. ^ The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 1978: Press Release. Nobel Foundation (1978-12-10). Retrieved on 2007-10-17.
27. ^ The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 1982: Press Release. Nobel Foundation (1982-12-10). Retrieved on 2007-10-17.
28. ^ The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 1984: Press Release. Nobel Foundation (1984-12-10). Retrieved on 2007-10-17.
29. ^ The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 1990: Press Release. Nobel Foundation (1990-12-10). Retrieved on 2007-10-17.
30. ^ The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 1991: Press Release. Nobel Foundation (1991-12-10). Retrieved on 2007-10-17.
31. ^ The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 1992: Press Release. Nobel Foundation (1992-12-10). Retrieved on 2007-10-17.
32. ^ The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 2005: Press Release. Nobel Foundation (2005-12-10). Retrieved on 2007-10-17.
33. ^ The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 2006: Press Release. Nobel Foundation (2006-12-10). Retrieved on 2007-10-17.
34. ^ The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 2007: Press Release. Nobel Foundation (2007-12-10). Retrieved on 2007-10-17.
35. ^ Tinbergen, Jan (1969-12-10). Jan Tinbergen: Banquet Speech. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved on 2007-10-16.
36. ^ Samuelson, Paul A. (1970-12-10). Paul A. Samuelson: Banquet Speech. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved on 2007-10-16.
37. ^ Kuznets, Simon (1971-12-10). Simon Kuznets: Banquet Speech. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved on 2007-10-16.
38. ^ Harsanyi, John C. (1994-12-10). John C. Harsanyi: Banquet Speech. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved on 2007-10-16.
39. ^ von Hayek, Friedrich August (1974-12-10). Friedrich August von Hayek: Banquet Speech. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved on 2007-10-16.
40. ^ Koopmans, Tjalling C. (1975-12-10). Tjalling C. Koopmans: Banquet Speech. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved on 2007-10-16.
41. ^ Friedman, Milton (1976-12-10). Milton Friedman: Banquet Speech. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved on 2007-10-16.
42. ^ Tobin, James (1981-12-10). James Tobin: Banquet Speech. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved on 2007-10-16.
43. ^ Phelps, Edmund S. (2006-12-10). Edmund S. Phelps: Banquet Speech. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved on 2007-10-16.
44. ^ Schultz, Theodore W. (1979-12-10). Theodore W. Schultz: Banquet Speech. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved on 2007-10-16.
45. ^ Lucas Jr., Robert E. (1995-12-10). Robert E. Lucas Jr.: Banquet Speech. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved on 2007-10-16.
46. ^ Allais, Maurice (1988-12-10). Maurice Allais: Banquet Speech. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved on 2007-10-16.
47. ^ Klein, Lawrence R. (1980-12-10). Lawrence R. Klein: Banquet Speech. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved on 2007-10-16.
48. ^ Tickner, Neil. "University of Maryland Economist Wins Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics", University of Maryland, 2005-10-10. Retrieved on 2007-10-16.
49. ^ The 2003 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics: Analyzing Data with Irregular Trends and Volatility. National Science Foundation (2004-12-23). Retrieved on 2007-10-16.
50. ^ Associated Press. "Recent winners of the Nobel Memorial Prize in economics", Star Tribune, 2007-10-15. Retrieved on 2007-10-16.
51. ^ All Laureates in Economics. the Nobel Foundation (2007). Retrieved on 2007-09-25.
External links
- Laureates at the Nobel Foundation
Nobel Prizes Chemistry Literature Peace Physics Physiology or Medicine Prize in memory of Alfred Nobel: Economics Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics Laureates1969-1975 1976-2000 Friedman (1976) • Ohlin / Meade (1977) • Simon (1978) • Schultz / Lewis (1979) • Klein (1980) • Tobin (1981) • Stigler (1982) • Debreu (1983) • Stone (1984) • Modigliani (1985) • Buchanan (1986) • Solow (1987) • Allais (1988) • Haavelmo (1989) • Markowitz / Miller / Sharpe (1990) • Coase (1991) • Becker (1992) • Fogel / North (1993) • Harsanyi / Nash / Selten (1994) • Lucas (1995) • Mirrlees / Vickrey (1996) • Merton / Scholes (1997) • Sen (1998) • Mundell (1999) • Heckman / McFadden (2000)2001-2025 Economics is the social science that studies the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services. The term economics comes from the Greek for oikos (house) and nomos (custom or law), hence "rules of the house(hold).
..... Click the link for more information.This page is currently protected from editing until disputes have been resolved.
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..... Click the link for more information.(October 21, 1833, Stockholm, Sweden – December 10, 1896, Sanremo, Italy) was a Swedish chemist, engineer, innovator, armaments manufacturer and the inventor of dynamite.
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Sveriges Riksbank (Swedish)
Sveriges Riksbanks main office at Brunkebergstorg
Headquarters Stockholm
..... Click the link for more information.The Nobel Foundation was created by Alfred Nobel, the inventor of dynamite, to manage his estate and award prizes, known as Nobel Prizes, for academic achievement in several areas.
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This article is part of the series:
Politics of Sweden- Constitution
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..... Click the link for more information.Nobel Prize in Physics (Swedish: Nobelpriset i fysik) is awarded once a year by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. It is one of the six Nobel Prizes. The first prize was awarded in 1901.
..... Click the link for more information.Nobel Prize in Chemistry (Swedish: Nobelpriset i kemi) is awarded once a year by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. It is one of the six Nobel Prizes. The first prize was awarded in 1901.
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George Richards Minot, ';
William Parry Murphy, "for their discoveries concerning liver therapy in cases of anaemia"[31]
1935 Hans Spemann, '' German Empire "for his discovery of the organizer effect in embryonic development"[32]
..... Click the link for more information.Nobel Prize in Literature (Swedish: Nobelpriset i litteratur) is awarded annually to an author from any country who has, in the words from the will of Alfred Nobel, produced "the most outstanding work of an idealistic tendency" (original Swedish:
..... Click the link for more information.Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences or Kungliga Vetenskapsakademien is one of the Royal Academies of Sweden. The Academy is an independent, non-governmental scientific organization which acts to promote the sciences, primarily the natural sciences and mathematics.
..... Click the link for more information.Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences or Kungliga Vetenskapsakademien is one of the Royal Academies of Sweden. The Academy is an independent, non-governmental scientific organization which acts to promote the sciences, primarily the natural sciences and mathematics.
..... Click the link for more information.Kingdom of Sweden
This article is part of the series:
Politics of Sweden- Constitution
- King: Carl XVI Gustaf
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..... Click the link for more information.City of Stockholm
Stockholms stad
Coat of arms
Location of Stockholm in northern Europe
Coordinates:
Country Sweden
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..... Click the link for more information.Winners of the Nobel Prize are scientists, writers and peacemakers who have been awarded in their field of endeavour, and who are known collectively as either Nobel laureates or Nobel Prize winners.
..... Click the link for more information.Nobel Prize in Physics (Swedish: Nobelpriset i fysik) is awarded once a year by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. It is one of the six Nobel Prizes. The first prize was awarded in 1901.
..... Click the link for more information.Nobel Prize in Chemistry (Swedish: Nobelpriset i kemi) is awarded once a year by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. It is one of the six Nobel Prizes. The first prize was awarded in 1901.
..... Click the link for more information.';
George Richards Minot, ';
William Parry Murphy, "for their discoveries concerning liver therapy in cases of anaemia"[31]
1935 Hans Spemann, '' German Empire "for his discovery of the organizer effect in embryonic development"[32]
..... Click the link for more information.Nobel Prize in Literature (Swedish: Nobelpriset i litteratur) is awarded annually to an author from any country who has, in the words from the will of Alfred Nobel, produced "the most outstanding work of an idealistic tendency" (original Swedish:
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..... Click the link for more information.economist is an expert in the social science of economics.[1] The individual may also study, develop, and apply theories and concepts from economics and write about economic policy.
..... Click the link for more information.This page is currently protected from editing until disputes have been resolved.
Protection is not an endorsement of the current [ version] ([ protection log]).
..... Click the link for more information.(October 21, 1833, Stockholm, Sweden – December 10, 1896, Sanremo, Italy) was a Swedish chemist, engineer, innovator, armaments manufacturer and the inventor of dynamite.
..... Click the link for more information.Karl Gunnar Myrdal (December 6, 1898 – May 17, 1987) was a Swedish economist and politician. He was born in Gustafs, Dalarna, and died in Danderyd, close to Stockholm.
..... Click the link for more information.Kjell-Olof Feldt is a Swedish Social Democratic politician, born August 18 1931 in Holmsund, since 1974 a part of Umeå Municipality, Västerbottens län. Feldt was Minister of Trade 1970-1975, and assistant Minister of Finance 1975-1976.
..... Click the link for more information.Milton Friedman
Born July 31 1912
Brooklyn, New York City
Died November 16 2006 (aged 94)
..... Click the link for more information.
- "Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences"[50]
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