Orders of magnitude (temperature)
Information about Orders of magnitude (temperature)
| Factor | Multiple | Item |
|---|---|---|
| 10−∞ | 0 K | absolute zero: free-bodies are still, no interaction within or without a thermodynamic system |
| 10−30 | particular speeds bound paths to exceed size and lifetime of the universe (see least-energy in orders of magnitude (energy)) | |
| 10−18 | 1 aK | macroscopic teleportation of matter |
| 10−15 | 1 fK | atomic waves coherent over inches atomic particles decoherent over inches |
| 10−12 | 1 pK | 100 pK, lowest temperature ever produced, during the nuclear magnetic ordering at Helsinki University of Technology's Low Temperature Lab 450 pK, lowest temperature sodium Bose-Einstein condensate gas ever achieved in the laboratory, at MIT[1] |
| 10−9 | 1 nK | 50 nK, Fermi melting point of potassium-40 Bose melting point of bosonic atomic gasses Doppler-locked refrigerants in laser cooling and magneto-optical traps |
| 10−6 | 1 μK | nuclear demagnetization |
| 10−3 | 1 mK | radio excitations 1.7 mK, temperature record for helium-3/helium-4 dilution refrigeration 2.5 mK, Fermi melting point of helium-3 adiabatic demagnetization of paramagnetic molecules 300 mK in evaporative cooling of helium-3 700 mK, helium-3/helium-4 mixtures begin phase separation 950 mK, melting point of helium microwave excitations |
| 100 | 1 K | 1 K at the Boomerang nebula, the coldest natural environment known 1.5 K, melting point of overbound helium 2.19 K, lambda point of overbound superfluid helium 2.725 K, cosmic microwave background 4.1 K, superconductivity point of mercury 4.22 K, boiling point of bound helium 5.19 K, critical temperature of helium 7.2 K, superconductivity point of lead 9.3 K, superconductivity point of niobium |
| 101 | 10 K | Fermi melting point of valence electrons for superconductivity 14.01 K, melting point of bound hydrogen 20.28 K, boiling point of bound hydrogen 33 K, critical temperature of hydrogen 44 K mean on Pluto 53 K mean of Neptune 63 K, melting point of bound nitrogen 68 K mean of Uranus 77.35 K, boiling point of bound nitrogen 90.19 K, boiling point of bound oxygen 92 K, superconductivity point of Y-Ba-Cu-oxide (YBCO) everyday substances near liquid air's temperature with incipient Fermi-condensate populations result in spontaneous luminescence, loss or lack of hysteresis, inductive and capacitive electronic moments that readily adsorb or expel or float upon unlike substances: [2] |
| 10² | 100 K | infrared excitations 165 K, glass point of supercooled water 183.75 K (–89.4 °C), coldest air recorded on Earth 273.15 K (0 °C), melting point of bound water about 293 K, room temperature 373.15 K (100 °C), boiling point of bound water 647 K, critical point of superheated water See detailed list below |
| 10³ | 1 kK | visible light excitations 1170 K at large log fire flames 1670 K at blue candle flame 1811 K, melting point of iron (lower for steel) 1870 K in Bunsen burner flame 1900 K at the Space Shuttle Orbiter hull in 8km/s dive 2022 K, boiling point of lead 2320 K at open hydrogen flame 3683 K, melting point of tungsten 3925 K, sublimation point of carbon 4160 K, melting point of hafnium carbide 4700 K, triple point of overbound carbon 5100 K in cyanogen-dioxygen flame 5516 K at dicyanoacetylene (carbon subnitride)-ozone flame 5650 K at Earth's Inner Core Boundary 5780 K on the Sun 5933 K, boiling point of tungsten 6000 K, mean of the Universe 300,000 years after the Big Bang 7020.5 K, critical point of carbon 7736 K, a monatomic ideal gas has one electron volt of kinetic energy ultraviolet excitations anionic sparks |
| 104 | 10 kK | 10 kK on Sirius A 10-15 kK in mononitrogen recombination 15.5 kK, critical point of tungsten 25 kK, mean of the Universe 10,000 years after the Big Bang 28 kK in record cationic lightning over Earth 32 kK on Sirius B 37 kK in proton-electron reactions about 300 kK at 17 meters from Little Boy's detonation Fermi boiling point of valence electrons X-ray excitations |
| 106 | 1 MK | γ-ray excitations 1–10 MK in the Sun's corona 13.6 MK at Sun's core 100 MK, needed for controlled nuclear fusion |
| 109 | 1 GK | 1 GK, everything 100 seconds after the Big Bang 3 GK in electron-positron reactions 10 GK in supernova explosions 10 GK, everything 1 second after the Big Bang |
| 1012 | 1 TK | .5–1.2 TK, Fermi melting point of quarks into quark-gluon plasma 3-5 TK in proton-antiproton reactions Z0 electronuclear excitations 10 TK, 100 microseconds after the Big Bang 300–900 TK at proton-nickel conversions in the Tevatron's Main Injector |
| 1015 | 1 PK | .3–2.2 PK at proton-antiproton collisions in same |
| 1018 | 1 EK | 2–13 EK at heavy nuclear conversions in the Large Hadron Collider |
| 1021 | 1 ZK | heart of galactic clusters-mergers |
| 1024 | 1 YK | .5–7 YK at Oh-My-God particular collisions |
| 1027 | grand symmetry-breaking grand unified theory excitations temperature 10−35 seconds after the Big Bang | |
| 1030 | 1.41032 K, Planck temperature of micro black holes temperature 510−44 seconds after the Big Bang | |
| 1033 | theory of everything excitations Landau poles extradimensional gauge freedom |
Detailed list of temperatures from 100 K to 1000 K
| Kelvins | Degrees Celsius |
Degrees Fahrenheit |
Condition |
|---|---|---|---|
| 100 K | -173.15 °C | -279.67 °F | |
| 125 K | -148 °C | -234.4 °F | superconductivity point of Tl-Ba-Cu-oxide |
| 138 K | -135 °C | -211 °F | superconductivity point of Hg-Tl-Ba-Ca-Cu-oxide |
| 143 K | -130 °C | -202 °F | mean "surface" of Saturn |
| 152 K | -121 °C | -185.8 °F | mean "surface" of Jupiter |
| 184 K | -89 °C | -128.6 °F | coldest climate recorded on Earth |
| 194.6 K | -78.5 °C | -109.3 °F | sublimation point of carbon dioxide (dry ice) |
| 210 K | -63 °C | -81.4 °F | mean surface of Mars |
| 234.32 K | -38.83 °C | -37.9 °F | melting point of mercury |
| 255.37 K | -17.78 °C | 0 °F | coldest brine-ice solution found by Fahrenheit |
| 273.15 K | 0 °C | 32 °F | melting point of water (at STP) |
| 287 K | 14 °C | 57 °F | mean surface temperature of the Earth |
| 293.15 K | 20 °C | 68 °F | room temperature |
| 310 K | 37 °C | 98.6 °F | human body temperature |
| 331 K | 58 °C | 136.4 °F | hottest climate recorded on Earth |
| 373.15 K | 100 °C | 212 °F | boiling point of water |
| 400 K | 127 °C | 260.6 °F | hottest of Concorde nose tip |
| 452 K | 179 °C | 354.2 °F | mean surface of Mercury |
| 600.65 K | 327.50 °C | 621.5 °F | melting point of lead |
| 737 K | 464 °C | 867.2 °F | mean surface of Venus |
| 755 K | 482 °C | 900 °F | a typical electric oven on the self-cleaning cycle |
| 933.47 K | 660.32 °C | 1220.6 °F | melting point of aluminium |
| 1000 K | 727.15 °C | 1340.87 °F |
References
1. ^ [1]
2. ^ http://1911encyclopedia.org/Liquid_Gases "Liquid Gases". Encyclopædia Britannica, 11th edition: Classic Encyclopedia. (1911, 2006)
2. ^ http://1911encyclopedia.org/Liquid_Gases "Liquid Gases". Encyclopædia Britannica, 11th edition: Classic Encyclopedia. (1911, 2006)
External links
An order of magnitude is the class of scale or magnitude of any amount, where each class contains values of a fixed ratio to the class preceding it. The ratio most commonly used is 10.
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List of orders of magnitude for area
Factor (m²) Multiple Value Item
10-70 2.61×10-70 m² the Planck area,
...
10-30 1 square femtometre (fm²)
10-28 10-28
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Factor (m²) Multiple Value Item
10-70 2.61×10-70 m² the Planck area,
...
10-30 1 square femtometre (fm²)
10-28 10-28
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List of orders of magnitude for angular velocity
Factor (rad·s−1) Value (rad·s−1) Value (rpm) Item
10−16 8.8510−16 to 7.9610−16[1] 8.4510−15 to 7.
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Factor (rad·s−1) Value (rad·s−1) Value (rpm) Item
10−16 8.8510−16 to 7.9610−16[1] 8.4510−15 to 7.
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worldwide view of the subject.
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Orders of magnitude
(money expressed in United States dollars)
Factor ($) Long scale Short scale Money Item
10−3 one mill $0.
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This is a list of orders of magnitude for data (or information), measured in bits. This article assumes a descriptive attitude towards terminology, reflecting actual usage by the speakers of the language.
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List of orders of magnitude for density
Factor Multiple Value Item
10-27 1 yoctogram (yg)/m³ 1 × 10-27 kg/m³ very approximate density of the universe
10-24 1 zeptogram (zg)/m³
10-22 100 zg/m³ 1 × 10-22
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Factor Multiple Value Item
10-27 1 yoctogram (yg)/m³ 1 × 10-27 kg/m³ very approximate density of the universe
10-24 1 zeptogram (zg)/m³
10-22 100 zg/m³ 1 × 10-22
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joule J
101 decajoule daJ 10–1 decijoule dJ
102 hectojoule hJ 10–2 centijoule cJ
103 kilojoule kJ 10–3 millijoule mJ
106 megajoule MJ 10–6
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101 decajoule daJ 10–1 decijoule dJ
102 hectojoule hJ 10–2 centijoule cJ
103 kilojoule kJ 10–3 millijoule mJ
106 megajoule MJ 10–6
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Radio spectrum
ELF SLF ULF VLF LF MF HF VHF UHF SHF EHF
3 Hz 30 Hz 300 Hz 3 kHz 30 kHz 300 kHz 3 MHz 30 MHz 300 MHz 3 GHz 30 GHz
30 Hz 300 Hz 3 kHz 30 kHz 300 kHz 3 MHz 30 MHz 300 MHz 3 GHz 30 GHz 300 GHz
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ELF SLF ULF VLF LF MF HF VHF UHF SHF EHF
3 Hz 30 Hz 300 Hz 3 kHz 30 kHz 300 kHz 3 MHz 30 MHz 300 MHz 3 GHz 30 GHz
30 Hz 300 Hz 3 kHz 30 kHz 300 kHz 3 MHz 30 MHz 300 MHz 3 GHz 30 GHz 300 GHz
See also
- Hertz
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List of orders of magnitude for length
Factor (m) Multiple Value Item
10−35 1.610−35 m Planck length; size of a string; lengths smaller than this do not make any physical sense, according to current theories of physics
. . .
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Factor (m) Multiple Value Item
10−35 1.610−35 m Planck length; size of a string; lengths smaller than this do not make any physical sense, according to current theories of physics
. . .
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To help compare different orders of magnitude, the following list describes various mass levels between 10−36 kg and 1053 kg.
Factor (kg) Value Item
10−36 1.
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Factor (kg) Value Item
10−36 1.
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This list compares various sizes of positive numbers, including counts of things, dimensionless numbers and probabilities.
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Smaller than 10-36
- Computing: The number 510-324
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This page lists examples of the power in watts produced by various different sources of energy. They are grouped by orders of magnitude, and each section covers three orders of magnitude, or a factor of one thousand.
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101.325 kPa Standard atmospheric pressure for earth sea level
180 to 250 kPa Pressure in an automobile tire.
0.8 to 2 MPa Pressure used in boilers of steam locomotives.
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180 to 250 kPa Pressure in an automobile tire.
0.8 to 2 MPa Pressure used in boilers of steam locomotives.
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This is a table of specific heat capacities by magnitude. Unless otherwise noted, these values assume standard ambient temperature and pressure.
List of orders of magnitude for specific heat capacity
Factor Value J·kg −1 ·K
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List of orders of magnitude for specific heat capacity
Factor Value J·kg −1 ·K
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List of orders of magnitude for speed
Factor Value (m/s) Value (km/h) Item
10-9 1.310-9 4.6810-9 Average rate of the Moon receding from the Earth.
0.
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Factor Value (m/s) Value (km/h) Item
10-9 1.310-9 4.6810-9 Average rate of the Moon receding from the Earth.
0.
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Seconds
Orders of magnitude (time)Factor (s) Multiple common units orders of magnitude
10−43 Planck time, the shortest physically meaningful interval of time, and consequently the youngest the known universe can be measured. ≈ 5.
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List of orders of magnitude for volume
Factor (m³) Multiple Value
10−105 -- 410−105 m³ is the Planck volume
10−45 -- Volume of a proton (~1.
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Factor (m³) Multiple Value
10−105 -- 410−105 m³ is the Planck volume
10−45 -- Volume of a proton (~1.
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Conversion of units refers to conversion factors between different units of measurement for the same quantity.
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Techniques
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units of measurement have played a crucial role in human endeavour from early ages up to this day. Disparate systems of measurement used to be very common. Now there is a global standard, the International System (SI) of units, the modern form of the metric system.
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Si, si, or SI may refer to (all SI unless otherwise stated):
In language:
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In language:
- One of two Italian words:
- sì (accented) for "yes"
- si
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The international system (SI) of units defines seven SI base units: physical units defined by an operational definition.
All other physical units can be derived from these base units: these are known as SI derived units. Derivation is by dimensional analysis.
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All other physical units can be derived from these base units: these are known as SI derived units. Derivation is by dimensional analysis.
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SI derived units are part of the SI system of measurement units and are derived from the seven SI base units.
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Dimensionless derived units
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An SI prefix (also known as a metric prefix) is a name or associated symbol that precedes a unit of measure (or its symbol) to form a decimal multiple or submultiple.
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In physics, Planck units are physical units of measurement defined exclusively in terms of the five universal physical constants shown in the table below in such a manner that all of these physical constants take on the numerical value of one when expressed in terms of these units.
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trillion fold).]]
Temperature is a physical property of a system that underlies the common notions of hot and cold; something that is hotter generally has the greater temperature. Temperature is one of the principal parameters of thermodynamics.
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Temperature is a physical property of a system that underlies the common notions of hot and cold; something that is hotter generally has the greater temperature. Temperature is one of the principal parameters of thermodynamics.
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For other uses, see Absolute Zero (disambiguation).
Absolute zero describes a theoretical system that neither emits nor absorbs energy. The Absolute zero temperature is known to be (–273.15 °C)...... Click the link for more information.
In thermodynamics, a thermodynamic system, originally called a working substance, is defined as that part of the universe that is under consideration. A real or imaginary boundary separates the system from the rest of the universe, which is referred to as the environment
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joule J
101 decajoule daJ 10–1 decijoule dJ
102 hectojoule hJ 10–2 centijoule cJ
103 kilojoule kJ 10–3 millijoule mJ
106 megajoule MJ 10–6
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101 decajoule daJ 10–1 decijoule dJ
102 hectojoule hJ 10–2 centijoule cJ
103 kilojoule kJ 10–3 millijoule mJ
106 megajoule MJ 10–6
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In quantum mechanics, quantum tunnelling is a micro and nanoscopic phenomenon in which a particle violates principles of classical mechanics by penetrating or passing through a potential barrier or impedance higher than the kinetic energy of the particle.
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