Palula
Information about Palula
Palula (in the literature sometimes referred to as Phalura), Ashreti, or Dangarikwar (the name used by Khowar speakers), is spoken by approximately 10,000 people in the valleys of Ashret and Biori, as well as in the village Puri (also Purigal) in the Shishi valley, and at least by a portion of the population in the village Kalkatak, in the Chitral District of the Northwest Frontier Province of Pakistan. A related variety of this language is spoken in the village Sau in Afghanistan, and another closely related variety in the village Khalkot in Dir District. Palula is pronounced as /paaluulaá/, with three long vowels and a rising pitch on the final syllable. The 3-letter code for Palula is PHL (phl).
The people of Ashret are important because they are strategically located at the main gate to Chitral. All persons entering Chitral through Lowari Top, the 10,230 feet high pass which connects Chitral to Dir and the rest of Pakistan, must pass the customs checkpost at Ashret.
The area where Palula is spoken includes
Tradition has it that the people of Ashret are originally from Chilas in the Indus River Valley. The "Mitar" or ruler of Chitral appointed them as the guardians of the gate to Chitral at Ashret. The tradition that the people of Ashret originally come from Chilas is supported by locally recorded genealogies as well as independent historical records, from Chitral as well as the Indus valley. There is no date to this story, but it appears to have happened 250-500 years ago. The present people of Chilas speak the related Shina language. Any connection they may have with the people of Ashret has been lost.
The Palula language has been documented to some extent by George Morgenstierne (1926), Kendall Decker (1992), and Henrik Liljegren (2005). It is classified as a Dardic Language but this is more of a geographical classification than a linguistic one.
In some of the smaller villages, Palula has either ceased to be spoken (in the village Ghos, situated near Drosh) or its speakers are largely shifting (as in Puri and Kalkatak) to to the more widely spoken Khowar language. However, in the main Palula settlements in the Biori and Ashret valleys, it is a strong, vibrant and growing language, as the population in those areas increases, and it is still with a few exceptions the mother tongue of almost all people.
In 2004, Anjuman-e-taraqqi-e-Palula, the Society for the promotion of Palula, was founded by people in the Palula community to promote the continued use of their language and to encourage research and documentation of their language, history and culture. After the establishment of a written form of the language, the society is now in the process of producing some literature and literacy-material in Palula. In 2006, Palula Alifbe (Palula alphabet book) and Palula Shiluka (Palula stories) were jointly published by the Anjuman and the Frontier Language Institute in Peshawar.
The Norwegian Linguist Georg Morgenstierne wrote that Chitral is the area of the greatest linguistic diversity in the world. Although Khowar is the predominant language of Chitral, more than ten other languages are spoken here. These include Kalasha-mun, Palula, Dameli, Gawar-Bati, Nuristani, Yidgha, Burushaski, Gujar, Wakhi, Kyrgyz, Persian and Pashto. Since many of these languages have no written form, letters are usually written in Urdu or Persian.
The North-West Frontier Province (NWFP) (Urdu: shemaal maghribi sarhadi soobe شمال مغربی سرحدی
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The people of Ashret are important because they are strategically located at the main gate to Chitral. All persons entering Chitral through Lowari Top, the 10,230 feet high pass which connects Chitral to Dir and the rest of Pakistan, must pass the customs checkpost at Ashret.
The area where Palula is spoken includes
Tradition has it that the people of Ashret are originally from Chilas in the Indus River Valley. The "Mitar" or ruler of Chitral appointed them as the guardians of the gate to Chitral at Ashret. The tradition that the people of Ashret originally come from Chilas is supported by locally recorded genealogies as well as independent historical records, from Chitral as well as the Indus valley. There is no date to this story, but it appears to have happened 250-500 years ago. The present people of Chilas speak the related Shina language. Any connection they may have with the people of Ashret has been lost.
The Palula language has been documented to some extent by George Morgenstierne (1926), Kendall Decker (1992), and Henrik Liljegren (2005). It is classified as a Dardic Language but this is more of a geographical classification than a linguistic one.
In some of the smaller villages, Palula has either ceased to be spoken (in the village Ghos, situated near Drosh) or its speakers are largely shifting (as in Puri and Kalkatak) to to the more widely spoken Khowar language. However, in the main Palula settlements in the Biori and Ashret valleys, it is a strong, vibrant and growing language, as the population in those areas increases, and it is still with a few exceptions the mother tongue of almost all people.
In 2004, Anjuman-e-taraqqi-e-Palula, the Society for the promotion of Palula, was founded by people in the Palula community to promote the continued use of their language and to encourage research and documentation of their language, history and culture. After the establishment of a written form of the language, the society is now in the process of producing some literature and literacy-material in Palula. In 2006, Palula Alifbe (Palula alphabet book) and Palula Shiluka (Palula stories) were jointly published by the Anjuman and the Frontier Language Institute in Peshawar.
The Norwegian Linguist Georg Morgenstierne wrote that Chitral is the area of the greatest linguistic diversity in the world. Although Khowar is the predominant language of Chitral, more than ten other languages are spoken here. These include Kalasha-mun, Palula, Dameli, Gawar-Bati, Nuristani, Yidgha, Burushaski, Gujar, Wakhi, Kyrgyz, Persian and Pashto. Since many of these languages have no written form, letters are usually written in Urdu or Persian.
Books
- Decker, Kendall D. (1992) Languages of Chitral ISBN 969-8023-15-1 http://www.ethnologue.com/show_work.asp?id=32850
- Morgenstierne, Georg (1926) Report on a Linguistic Mission to Afghanistan. Institutet for Sammenlignende Kulturforskning, Serie C I-2. Oslo. ISBN 0-923891-09-9
External links
- Palula research (Henrik Liljegren) http://www.sasnet.lu.se/lingsth.html
- Palulaforskning (in Swedish) http://www.ling.su.se/ASV/forskning.html#Palula
- Palula phonology http://www.fli-online.org/documents/languages/palula/Palula-Phonology-Summary/palula-phonology-summary.htm
- Palula morphology http://www.fli-online.org/documents/languages/palula/Palula-Morphology-Summary/Palula-infl-morphology.htm
- Palula sample text http://www.fli-online.org/documents/languages/palula/Palula-Sample-Text.pdf
- Anjuman-e-taraqqi-e-Palula http://www.fli-online.org/documents/languages/palula/Description-Anjuman.mht
- Phalura, A Language of Pakistan
Town of Chitral
Motto: "With the help of God the success is not afar"
Coordinates:
Country Pakistan
Province NWFP
Established 1700?
Incorporated 1969
Government
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Motto: "With the help of God the success is not afar"
Coordinates:
Country Pakistan
Province NWFP
Established 1700?
Incorporated 1969
Government
..... Click the link for more information.
- For the 1959 British film see Northwest Frontier
The North-West Frontier Province (NWFP) (Urdu: shemaal maghribi sarhadi soobe شمال مغربی سرحدی
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Motto
اتحاد، تنظيم، يقين محکم
Ittehad, Tanzim, Yaqeen-e-Muhkam (Urdu)
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اتحاد، تنظيم، يقين محکم
Ittehad, Tanzim, Yaqeen-e-Muhkam (Urdu)
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In computing:
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In computing:
- An abbreviation for directory (file systems).
- dir (DOS Command), an operating system command.
- directory (OpenVMS command), an operating system command.
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Lowari Pass (or Lowari Top) (el. 10,230 ft.) is a high mountain pass that connects Chitral with Dir in Northern Areas, Pakistan. Lowari Top is a relatively low pass, by far the lowest pass to enter Chitral, the rest all being 12,000 to 15,000 feet.
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Town of Chitral
Motto: "With the help of God the success is not afar"
Coordinates:
Country Pakistan
Province NWFP
Established 1700?
Incorporated 1969
Government
..... Click the link for more information.
Motto: "With the help of God the success is not afar"
Coordinates:
Country Pakistan
Province NWFP
Established 1700?
Incorporated 1969
Government
..... Click the link for more information.
Indus
Sindh, Sindhu, Hindu, Abasin, Sengge Chu
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Sindh, Sindhu, Hindu, Abasin, Sengge Chu
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Shina (also known as Tshina) is a Dardic language and is spoken by a plurality of people in Northern Areas of Pakistan. The Valleys include Astore, Chilas, Dareil, Tangeer, Gilgit, Ghizer, and a few parts of Baltistan and Kohistan.
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Dardic languages are a group of Indo-Iranian languages spoken in eastern Afghanistan, northern Pakistan, and in the disputed territory of Jammu and Kashmir which is divided between India and Pakistan.
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Khowar}}}
Language codes
ISO 639-1: none
ISO 639-2: ine
ISO 639-3: khw
Khowar is classified as a Dardic language. It is spoken by 400,000 people in Chitral in Northwest Pakistan, in Yasin Valley and Gupis in neighboring Gilgit,
..... Click the link for more information.
Language codes
ISO 639-1: none
ISO 639-2: ine
ISO 639-3: khw
Khowar is classified as a Dardic language. It is spoken by 400,000 people in Chitral in Northwest Pakistan, in Yasin Valley and Gupis in neighboring Gilgit,
..... Click the link for more information.
Town of Chitral
Motto: "With the help of God the success is not afar"
Coordinates:
Country Pakistan
Province NWFP
Established 1700?
Incorporated 1969
Government
..... Click the link for more information.
Motto: "With the help of God the success is not afar"
Coordinates:
Country Pakistan
Province NWFP
Established 1700?
Incorporated 1969
Government
..... Click the link for more information.
Khowar}}}
Language codes
ISO 639-1: none
ISO 639-2: ine
ISO 639-3: khw
Khowar is classified as a Dardic language. It is spoken by 400,000 people in Chitral in Northwest Pakistan, in Yasin Valley and Gupis in neighboring Gilgit,
..... Click the link for more information.
Language codes
ISO 639-1: none
ISO 639-2: ine
ISO 639-3: khw
Khowar is classified as a Dardic language. It is spoken by 400,000 people in Chitral in Northwest Pakistan, in Yasin Valley and Gupis in neighboring Gilgit,
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Kalash or Kalasha (also known as Kalasha-mun) is an Indo-European language in the Indo-Iranian branch, further classified as a Dardic language in the Chitral Group.
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Dameli is a language spoken by approximately 5,000 people in the Domel Valley, in the Chitral District of the Northwest Frontier Province of Pakistan.
The Domel Valley is about ten miles south of Drosh on the East Side of the Chitral River, on the road from the Mirkhani Fort
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The Domel Valley is about ten miles south of Drosh on the East Side of the Chitral River, on the road from the Mirkhani Fort
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Old: Sanskrit: Vedic Sanskrit - Classical Sanskrit (Indo-Aryan superstrate in Mitanni) Middle: Prakrit: Pāli - Maharashtri - Magadhi New:
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Nuristani languages are a subgroup of the Indo-Iranian language family, spoken in Afghanistan and parts of modern Pakistan.
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History
The Nuristani languages were not described in the literature until the 19th century...... Click the link for more information.
Yidgha}}}
Writing system: None
Language codes
ISO 639-1: none
ISO 639-2: —
ISO 639-3: —
The Yidgha language is a Pamir language spoken in the Upper Lutkuh Valley of Chitral, west of Garam Chishma in Pakistan.
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Writing system: None
Language codes
ISO 639-1: none
ISO 639-2: —
ISO 639-3: —
The Yidgha language is a Pamir language spoken in the Upper Lutkuh Valley of Chitral, west of Garam Chishma in Pakistan.
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Burushaski (Urdu: بروشسکی - burū́šaskī) is a language isolate spoken by some 87,000 (as of 2000) Burusho people in the Hunza, Nagar, Yasin, and parts of the Gilgit valleys in
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Wakhi}}}
Writing system: Arabic, Cyrillic, Latin
Language codes
ISO 639-1: --
ISO 639-2: --
ISO 639-3: wbl
Wakhi is an Iranian language in the subranch of Southeastern Iranian languages (see Pamir languages).
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Writing system: Arabic, Cyrillic, Latin
Language codes
ISO 639-1: --
ISO 639-2: --
ISO 639-3: wbl
Wakhi is an Iranian language in the subranch of Southeastern Iranian languages (see Pamir languages).
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Kyrgyz or Kirghiz (Kyrgyz tili, Кыргыз тили, قىرعىز ٴتىلى) is a Turkic language, and, together with Russian, an official language of
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fɒːɾˈsiː in Perso-Arabic script (Nasta`liq style):
Pronunciation: [fɒːɾˈsiː]
Spoken in: Iran, Afghanistan, Tajikistan and areas of Uzbekistan and Pakistan.
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Pronunciation: [fɒːɾˈsiː]
Spoken in: Iran, Afghanistan, Tajikistan and areas of Uzbekistan and Pakistan.
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Pashto (پښتو, IPA: [pəʂ'to] also known as Pakhto, Pushto, Pukhto
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Urdu}}}
Writing system: Urdu alphabet (Nasta'liq script)
Official status
Official language of: Pakistan ;
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Writing system: Urdu alphabet (Nasta'liq script)
Official status
Official language of: Pakistan ;
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fɒːɾˈsiː in Perso-Arabic script (Nasta`liq style):
Pronunciation: [fɒːɾˈsiː]
Spoken in: Iran, Afghanistan, Tajikistan and areas of Uzbekistan and Pakistan.
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Pronunciation: [fɒːɾˈsiː]
Spoken in: Iran, Afghanistan, Tajikistan and areas of Uzbekistan and Pakistan.
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Indo-Iranian language group constitutes the easternmost extant branch of the Indo-European family of languages. It consists of four language groups: the Indo-Aryan, Iranian, Nuristani, and Dardic.
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Indo-Aryan languages form a subgroup of the Indo-Iranian languages, which belong to the Indo-European family of languages. The term "Indic" refers to the same group without what some see as the negative connotations of "Aryan".
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Sanskrit}}} | style="padding-left: 0.5em;" | Writing system: | colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.5em;" | Devanāgarī and several other Brāhmī-based scripts ! colspan="3" style="text-align: center; color: black; background-color: lawngreen;"|Official
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Vedic Sanskrit is an ancient Indian language, the language of the Vedas, the oldest shruti texts of Hinduism. It is an archaic form of Sanskrit, an early descendant of Proto-Indo-Iranian, attested during the period between roughly 1700 BCE (early Rigveda) and 600
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Sanskrit}}} | style="padding-left: 0.5em;" | Writing system: | colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.5em;" | Devanāgarī and several other Brāhmī-based scripts ! colspan="3" style="text-align: center; color: black; background-color: lawngreen;"|Official
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