pedophilia
Information about pedophilia
Pedophilia or pædophilia (see spelling differences) is the primary or exclusive sexual attraction by adults to prepubescent youths. A person with this attraction is called a pedophile or paedophile.[1] The ICD-10 and DSM IV, which are standard medical diagnosis manuals, currently describe pedophilia as a paraphilia and mental disorder of adults or older youths, if it causes clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning.
The term pedophile is also used colloquially to denote an adult who is sexually attracted to adolescents or youths below the local age of consent,[2] as well as those accused or convicted of child sexual abuse or child pornography related offences.
The classic spelling with ae or æ is preferable, because pedophilia looked on etymologically means attractance to the ground (πέδον). It should not be confused with podophilia either, which is attraction to the feet (πούς > octopus / ποδός / πηδόν > pedal). It is correctly pronounced using the "ped" as in "pediatrician," not as in "pedestrian" (as the original spelling contained an æ, which is pronounced as a long e)"
The term paedophilia erotica was coined in 1886 by the Vienna psychiatrist Richard von Krafft-Ebing in his writing Psychopathia Sexualis.[5] He gave the following characteristics:
Adults sexually attracted to pre-pubescent youths were placed into three categories by Krafft-Ebing:
The term pedophile is commonly used to describe all child sexual offenders, including those who do not meet the clinical diagnosis standards. This use is seen as problematic by some people,[14][15][16] Some researchers, such as Howard E. Barbaree,[17] have endorsed the use of actions as a sole criterion for the diagnosis of pedophilia as a means of taxonomic simplification, rebuking the American Psychiatric Association's standards as "unsatisfactory". Child sexual abuse, whether perpetrated by a clinically diagnosed pedophile or a situational offender, is illegal in most jurisdictions.
Some psychologists,[18][19] such as Dr. Fred S. Berlin, assert sexual attraction to pre-pubescent youths to be a sexual orientation in itself.[20][21] In one article, Berlin writes "it is likely that no one would choose voluntarily to develop a pedophilic sexual orientation. Those with such an orientation have no more decided to have it than have any of us decided as children to be either heterosexual or homosexual."[22] Berlin also defends the classification of pedophilia as a mental disorder, however, stating "In our society, to have a pedophilic sexual orientation can create both psychological burdens and impairments."<ref name="berlin" />
The APA's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 4th edition, Text Revision gives the following as its "Diagnostic criteria for 302.2 Pedophilia":[24]
Some medical studies have suggested that pedophilia may have physical causes: according to one case report pedophilia was observed to coincide[27] and disappear with a brain tumor and there are indications of a familial transmission.[28]
Some research indicates that most perpetrators of child sexual abuse are not primarily interested in pre-pubescent youths.[34] In two studies designed to measure sexual preferences using phallometric data, it was found that "30% of the [child sex] offenders tested did not show sufficient arousal [to children] to derive a usable score." [35] Sociology professor Rüdiger Lautmann, stated in his book on pedophilia that, "In this book I am concerned exclusively with the first type [the true pedophile who "has a general interest in social contact with children, including a sexual dimension"], which constitutes approximately 5% of all pedosexually active men."[36] A survey of cases of father-daughter incest concluded that most involve fathers who are situational offenders, rather than pedophiles.[37]
As noted by Abel, Mittleman, and Becker[38] (1985) and Ward et al. (1995), there are generally large distinctions between the two types of offenders' characteristics. Situational offenders tend to offend at times of stress; have a later onset of offending; have fewer, often familial victims; and have a general preference for adult partners. Pedophilic offenders, however, often start offending at an early age; often have a large number of victims who are frequently extrafamilial; are more inwardly driven to offend; and have values or beliefs that strongly support an offense lifestyle.
Attempts have been made to use criminal profiling to identify pedophiles, however, these methods have come under criticism for making claims that are in excess of what the evidence supports.[39]'''
Other programs induce an association of illegal behavior with pain by means of the more controversial aversion therapy, in which the pedophile is given an electric shock while fantasizing.[42] A study by the Council on Scientific Affairs found that the success rate of aversion therapy was parallel to that of homosexual reparative therapy; that is to say, extremely low.[43] This method is rarely used on pedophiles who have not offended.
Convicted sex offenders, including many pedophiles, have been treated by the psychosurgical procedure commonly known as lobotomization. Psychosurgery has long been controversial, particularly the historical use of surgical intervention on homosexuals given that homosexuality is no longer considered a mental illness by the psychiatric community (see for instance Rieber et al. 1976;[44] Sigusch 1977;[45] Rieber & Sigusch 1979;[46] Schorsch & Schmidt 1979)[47] Lobotomization is generally no longer practiced and is prohibited in a number of countries.
Thalamotomy is an alternative surgical treatment of sex offenders in practice since the problems with leucotomy have been commonly known (see Greist 1990;[48] Diering & Bell 1991;[49] Hay & Sachdev 1992;[50] Rappaport 1992;[51] de la Porte 1993;[52] Poynton 1993;[53] Bridges et al. 1994;[54] Cummings et al. 1995)[55] and is increasingly advertised as an "effective therapy" for sex offenders (as well as for some children suffering from symptoms of child sexual abuse, since the 1980s (see for instance Andy 1970;[56] Bradford 1988a;[57] Wyre & Swift 1991;[58] Abel et al. 1992;[59] Bridges et al. 1994;<ref name="bridgesetal1994" /> Cummings et al.'' 1995).<ref name="cummingsetal1995" /> As Levey and Curfman have noted, however, given the availability of psychopharmacological treatment options, psychosurgical interventions are not likely to be employed given their extreme side effects and irreversible nature. See the same article for an in depth review of treatment options and diagnostic criteria. Additionally Reid 2002 writes that neurosurgery for sex offenders is "essentially unavailable" in the United States and that data on its use is sparse.[60]
Klaus M. Beier of the Institute of Sexology and Sexual Medicine at Charité, a large university hospital in Berlin, Germany, reported success in a preliminary study using role-play therapy and medicine. According to researchers, the pedophiles were better able to control their urges once they understood the pre-pubescent youth's view.[61][62]
The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (most commonly known by the abbreviation ICD
..... Click the link for more information.
The term pedophile is also used colloquially to denote an adult who is sexually attracted to adolescents or youths below the local age of consent,[2] as well as those accused or convicted of child sexual abuse or child pornography related offences.
Definitions
The word comes from the Greek paidophilia (παιδοφιλία): pais (παις, "child") and philia (φιλία, "love, friendship"). Paidophilia was coined by Greek poets either as a substitute for "paiderastia" (pederasty),[3] or vice versa.[4]The classic spelling with ae or æ is preferable, because pedophilia looked on etymologically means attractance to the ground (πέδον). It should not be confused with podophilia either, which is attraction to the feet (πούς > octopus / ποδός / πηδόν > pedal). It is correctly pronounced using the "ped" as in "pediatrician," not as in "pedestrian" (as the original spelling contained an æ, which is pronounced as a long e)"
The term paedophilia erotica was coined in 1886 by the Vienna psychiatrist Richard von Krafft-Ebing in his writing Psychopathia Sexualis.[5] He gave the following characteristics:
- the sexual interest is toward pre-pubescent youths only. A person with this interest does not extend to the first signs of pubic hair.
- the sexual interest is toward pre-pubescent youths only and does not include teenagers.
- the sexual interest remains over time.
Adults sexually attracted to pre-pubescent youths were placed into three categories by Krafft-Ebing:
- a.) pedophile
- b.) surrogate (that is, the pre-pubescent youths is regarded as a object for a preferred, non-available adult object)
- c.) sadistic
- a.) preferential/structured/fixed (i. e. pedophile) type,
- b.) situational/opportunistic/regressed/incest (i. e. surrogate) type
- c.) sadistic (no change)
The term pedophile is commonly used to describe all child sexual offenders, including those who do not meet the clinical diagnosis standards. This use is seen as problematic by some people,[14][15][16] Some researchers, such as Howard E. Barbaree,[17] have endorsed the use of actions as a sole criterion for the diagnosis of pedophilia as a means of taxonomic simplification, rebuking the American Psychiatric Association's standards as "unsatisfactory". Child sexual abuse, whether perpetrated by a clinically diagnosed pedophile or a situational offender, is illegal in most jurisdictions.
Some psychologists,[18][19] such as Dr. Fred S. Berlin, assert sexual attraction to pre-pubescent youths to be a sexual orientation in itself.[20][21] In one article, Berlin writes "it is likely that no one would choose voluntarily to develop a pedophilic sexual orientation. Those with such an orientation have no more decided to have it than have any of us decided as children to be either heterosexual or homosexual."[22] Berlin also defends the classification of pedophilia as a mental disorder, however, stating "In our society, to have a pedophilic sexual orientation can create both psychological burdens and impairments."<ref name="berlin" />
Diagnosis
The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (F65.4) defines pedophilia as "a sexual preference for children, boys or girls or both, usually of prepubertal or early pubertal age."[23]The APA's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 4th edition, Text Revision gives the following as its "Diagnostic criteria for 302.2 Pedophilia":[24]
- A. Over a period of at least 6 months, recurrent, intense sexually arousing fantasies, sexual urges, or behaviors involving sexual activity with a prepubescent child or children (generally age 13 years or younger);
- B. The person has acted on these sexual urges, or the sexual urges or fantasies cause marked distress or interpersonal difficulty;
- C. The person is at least age 16 years and at least 5 years older than the child or children in Criterion A.
Causes
German psychologist Michael Griesemer theorizes[26] that pedophiles miss the switch of sexual interest from prepubescent to postpubescent partners (so-called sex-dimorphic maturation of the frontal brain) that usually occurs with the onset of puberty, so that pedophilia is a developmental disability besides a sexual orientation.Some medical studies have suggested that pedophilia may have physical causes: according to one case report pedophilia was observed to coincide[27] and disappear with a brain tumor and there are indications of a familial transmission.[28]
Extent of occurrence
The extent to which pedophilia occurs is not known with any certainty. Historically, sexual contacts between older pre-pubescents and adults were relatively common and accepted in many places, including the United States and England, where the legal age of consent typically ranged from 7 to 12 years until the end of the 19th century [29] [30]. Some studies have concluded that at least a quarter of all adult men may have some feelings of sexual arousal in connection with pre-pubescent youths.[31] One study found that professionals failed to report approximately 40% of the child sexual abuse cases they encountered.[32]Occurrence in child sex offenders
A perpetrator of child sexual abuse is commonly assumed to be and referred to as a pedophile and will usually meet the DSM criteria; however, there may be other motivations for the crime<ref name="barbaree-seto" /> (such as stress, marital problems, or the unavailability of an adult partner),[33] much as adult rape can have non-sexual reasons. Child sexual abuse alone may or may not be an indicator that its perpetrator is a pedophile; however, regardless of cause, sexual contact with pre-pubescent youths is evidence of pedophilia according to the DSM-IV definition.Some research indicates that most perpetrators of child sexual abuse are not primarily interested in pre-pubescent youths.[34] In two studies designed to measure sexual preferences using phallometric data, it was found that "30% of the [child sex] offenders tested did not show sufficient arousal [to children] to derive a usable score." [35] Sociology professor Rüdiger Lautmann, stated in his book on pedophilia that, "In this book I am concerned exclusively with the first type [the true pedophile who "has a general interest in social contact with children, including a sexual dimension"], which constitutes approximately 5% of all pedosexually active men."[36] A survey of cases of father-daughter incest concluded that most involve fathers who are situational offenders, rather than pedophiles.[37]
As noted by Abel, Mittleman, and Becker[38] (1985) and Ward et al. (1995), there are generally large distinctions between the two types of offenders' characteristics. Situational offenders tend to offend at times of stress; have a later onset of offending; have fewer, often familial victims; and have a general preference for adult partners. Pedophilic offenders, however, often start offending at an early age; often have a large number of victims who are frequently extrafamilial; are more inwardly driven to offend; and have values or beliefs that strongly support an offense lifestyle.
Attempts have been made to use criminal profiling to identify pedophiles, however, these methods have come under criticism for making claims that are in excess of what the evidence supports.[39]'''
Treatment
A number of proposed treatment techniques for pedophilia have been developed. In 1981, writer David Crawford reported that the success rate of these therapies was very low.[40] Crawford's article did not address the use of Depo-Provera, today the most common drug used to decrease libido in sex offenders. Dr. Fred Berlin, founder of the Johns Hopkins Sexual Disorders Clinic, believes pedophilia can "indeed be successfully treated," if only the medical community would give it more attention.<ref name="edwards" />Medical therapies
Anti-androgenic medications such as Depo Provera may be used to lower testosterone levels, and are often used in conjunction with the non-medical approaches above. (This is commonly referred to as "chemical castration.") Gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogues, which last longer and have less side effects, are also effective in reducing libido and may be used.[41]Other programs induce an association of illegal behavior with pain by means of the more controversial aversion therapy, in which the pedophile is given an electric shock while fantasizing.[42] A study by the Council on Scientific Affairs found that the success rate of aversion therapy was parallel to that of homosexual reparative therapy; that is to say, extremely low.[43] This method is rarely used on pedophiles who have not offended.
Convicted sex offenders, including many pedophiles, have been treated by the psychosurgical procedure commonly known as lobotomization. Psychosurgery has long been controversial, particularly the historical use of surgical intervention on homosexuals given that homosexuality is no longer considered a mental illness by the psychiatric community (see for instance Rieber et al. 1976;[44] Sigusch 1977;[45] Rieber & Sigusch 1979;[46] Schorsch & Schmidt 1979)[47] Lobotomization is generally no longer practiced and is prohibited in a number of countries.
Thalamotomy is an alternative surgical treatment of sex offenders in practice since the problems with leucotomy have been commonly known (see Greist 1990;[48] Diering & Bell 1991;[49] Hay & Sachdev 1992;[50] Rappaport 1992;[51] de la Porte 1993;[52] Poynton 1993;[53] Bridges et al. 1994;[54] Cummings et al. 1995)[55] and is increasingly advertised as an "effective therapy" for sex offenders (as well as for some children suffering from symptoms of child sexual abuse, since the 1980s (see for instance Andy 1970;[56] Bradford 1988a;[57] Wyre & Swift 1991;[58] Abel et al. 1992;[59] Bridges et al. 1994;<ref name="bridgesetal1994" /> Cummings et al.'' 1995).<ref name="cummingsetal1995" /> As Levey and Curfman have noted, however, given the availability of psychopharmacological treatment options, psychosurgical interventions are not likely to be employed given their extreme side effects and irreversible nature. See the same article for an in depth review of treatment options and diagnostic criteria. Additionally Reid 2002 writes that neurosurgery for sex offenders is "essentially unavailable" in the United States and that data on its use is sparse.[60]
Klaus M. Beier of the Institute of Sexology and Sexual Medicine at Charité, a large university hospital in Berlin, Germany, reported success in a preliminary study using role-play therapy and medicine. According to researchers, the pedophiles were better able to control their urges once they understood the pre-pubescent youth's view.[61][62]
Related terms
- Ephebophilia, also known as hebephilia, is the condition of being sexually attracted primarily or exclusively to adolescents. These terms are used in contrast with pedophilia; however, in jurisdictions where the legal age of consent is higher (like USA and Britain), pedophilia is sometimes used more broadly in a non-medical sense to describe both ephebophilia and attraction to younger children; in effect, any person younger than the legal age of consent. Ephebophilia does not have broad academic acceptance as constituting a paraphilia.
- Pederasty has historically been given sharply different meanings, sometimes referring to male homosexual interactions in general, sometimes to anal sex in general, and sometimes specifically to sex between men and boys. In academic usage the word has still a fourth meaning, referring specifically to the age-structured homosexual interactions practiced in classical Greece between older men and adolescent boys, and by extension to age-structured homosexual interactions in other cultures.
- Lolita syndrome is sometimes used to refer to attraction to adolescent females. The term Lolicon is a corrupted abridgment of Lolita complex, it refers to manga-style pornography depicting neotonous female characters. A male equivilent called shotacon was later adapted.
- Nepiophilia, also called infantophilia, is the attraction to toddlers and infants (usually ages 0–3). Some researchers have suggested a distinction between pedophilia and nepiophilia, especially for same-sex pedophilia (see for example Bernard 1975, 1982; Lautmann 1994), as it is unusual for pedophiles to prefer toddlers. According to Howells 1981;[63] Bernard 1982;<ref name="bernard1982a" />[64] McConaghy 1993;[65] Lautmann 1994,[66] male-oriented pedophilia more prevalently blends in with ephebophilia, while female-oriented pedophilia more prevalently blends in with nepiophilia.
- Gerontophilia is the condition of being sexually attracted to the elderly.
Pedophilia-related activism
- :Main articles: Pro-pedophile activism and Anti-pedophile activism
See also
- Age disparity in sexual relationships
- Age of consent
- Child pornography
- Child sexual abuse
- Child sexuality
- Neoteny
- Paidika: The Journal of Paedophilia
- Pedophilia in literature (boys)
- Pedophilia in literature (girls)
- Pedophilia in films
- Pedophilia and child sexual abuse in songs
- Pedophilia in the theatre
Notes and references
Notes
1. ^ [1]
2. ^ Ames, A. & Houston, D. A. (1990). "Legal, social, and biological definitions of pedophilia." Archives of Sexual Behavior. 19 (4), 333-342.
3. ^ Liddell, H.G., and Scott, Robert (1959). Intermediate Greek-English Lexicon. ISBN 0-19-910206-6.
4. ^ Anonymous (probably Geigel, Alois. 1869) Das Paradoxon der Venus Urania ("The paradox of man-manly love"), p. 6. OCLC 68582227 OCLC 77768935 Reprinted as a complete facsimile in Hohmann, Joachim S. (1977). Der unterdrückte Sexus ("Historical oppression of sexuality"). ISBN 3879587124 (German). The anonymous 1869 author had harshly rejected the theories of early LGBT activist Karl Heinrich Ulrichs whose "filthy pederasty" he contrasted with chaste, "sublime paedophilia" basing both definitions on the classical meaning boy for παις instead of the non-classical meaning child, and εραστια ("erastia") as pure "sexual desire", contrasted with more sublime φιλία.
5. ^ Krafft-Ebing, Richard von (1886). Psychopathia Sexualis. English translation: ISBN 1-55970-425-X.
6. ^ Howells, K. (1981). "Adult sexual interest in children: Considerations relevant to theories of aetiology," Adult sexual interest in children, 55-94.
7. ^ Abel, G. G., Mittleman, M. S., & Becker, J. V. (1985). "Sex offenders: Results of assessment and recommendations for treatment." In M. H. Ben-Aron, S. J. Hucker, & C. D. Webster (Eds.), Clinical criminology: The assessment and treatment of criminal behavior (pp. 207-220). Toronto, Canada: M & M Graphics.
8. ^ Knight, R.; Rosenberg, R.; Schneider, B. (1985). "Classification of sex offenders: Perspectives, methods, and validation" In A. W. Burgess (Ed.) Rape and sexual assault: A research handbook (pp. 222-293). New York: Garland.
9. ^ Edward Brongersma (1990): "Boy-Lovers and Their Influence on Boys: Distorted Research and Anecdotal Observations" In Journal of Homosexuality 20 - 1/2
10. ^ McConaghy, Nathaniel (1993). "Sexual Behaviour: Problems and Management", 312, New York: Plenum
11. ^ Ward, T., Hudson, S. M., Marshall, W. L., & Siegert, R. J. (1995). "Attachment style and intimacy deficits in sexual offenders: A theoretical framework." In Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment, 7, 317-334.
12. ^ Hoffmann, R. (1996). "Die Lebenswelt des Pädophilen: Rahmen, Rituale und Dramaturgie der pädophilen Begegnung" (Paedophile conduct: Context, rituals, and choreography of paedophile contacts). Opladen: Westdeutscher Verlag (German)
13. ^ Seikowski, K. (1999). "Pädophilie: Definition, Abgrenzung und Entwicklungsbedingungen" ("Paedophilia: Definition, distinguishing features, and aetiology") In Sexualmedizin 21, pp. 327-332 (German)
14. ^ Edwards, M. (1997) "Treatment for Paedophiles; Treatment for Sex Offenders." Paedophile Policy and Prevention, Australian Institute of Criminology Research and Public Policy Series (12), 74-75.
15. ^ Underwager, Ralph and Wakefield, Hollida (1995). "Special Problems with Sexual Abuse Cases: Assessment of the Accused Adult." In J. Ziskin (Ed.) Coping With Psychiatric and Psychological Testimony (Fifth Edition). Los Angeles: Law and Psychology Press. pp. 1315-1370. ISBN 1-879689-07-3
16. ^ Feierman, J. (1990). "Introduction" and "A Biosocial Overview," Pedophilia: Biosocial Dimensions, 1-68.
17. ^ Barbaree, H. E., and Seto, M. C. (1997). Pedophilia: Assessment and Treatment. Sexual Deviance: Theory, Assessment, and Treatment. 175-193.
18. ^ Musk, H., and Swetz, A. (1997). "Pedophilia in the correctional system," Corrections Today, 59(5), 24–28. "Pedophilia is a sexual orientation characterized by sexual attraction to children."
19. ^ Jones, G. (1990). "The Study of Intergenerational Intimacy in North America: Beyond Politics and Pedophilia," Journal of Homosexuality, 20(1-2), 288. "Intergenerational attraction on the part of some adults could constitute a lifestyle 'orientation', rather than a pathological maladjustment."
20. ^ Edwards, Douglas J. (2004). Mental Health's Cold Shoulder Treatment of Pedophilia in Behavioral Health Management, May-June.
21. ^ Berlin, Fred (2000). "Treatments to Change Sexual Orientation," American Journal of Psychiatry, Vol 157.
22. ^ Fred S. Berlin, M.D., Ph.D. (December 2002). "Peer Commentaries on Green (2002) and Schmidt (2002) - Pedophilia: When Is a Difference a Disorder?". Archives of Sexual Behavior 31 (6).
23. ^ World Health Organization, International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems 10. § F65.4
24. ^ American Psychiatric Association (2000). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (fourth edition text revision), § 302.2
25. ^ American Psychiatric Association (2000). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (fourth edition)
26. ^ [2]
27. ^ [3]
28. ^ [4]
29. ^ [5]
30. ^ [6]
31. ^ Freund, K. and Costell, R. (1970). "The structure of erotic preference in the nondeviant male." Behaviour Research & Therapy 8 (1), 15-20. Quinsey, V. L. et al. (1975). "Penile circumference, skin conductance, and ranking responses of child molesters and 'normals' to sexual and nonsexual visual stimuli." Behavior Therapy. 6, 213-219.)
32. ^ Keuhnle, K., Assessing Allegations of Child Sexual Abuse, Professional Resources Press, Sarastota, FL, 1996.
33. ^ Howells, K. (1981). "Adult sexual interest in children: Considerations relevant to theories of aetiology," Adult sexual interest in children, 55-94.
34. ^ Lanning, Kenneth (2001). Child Molesters: A Behavioral Analysis (Third Edition). National Center for Missing & Exploited Children.
35. ^ Wogan, Michael (2002). [7]Wogan, Michael (2002)
36. ^ Rüdiger Lautmann [[8]] Rüdiger Lautmann
37. ^ Quinsey, V. L. (1977). "The assessment and treatment of child molesters: A review." Canadian Psychological Review. 18, 204-220.
38. ^ Abel, G. G., Mittleman, M. S., & Becker, J. V. (1985). "Sex offenders: Results of assessment and recommendations for treatment." In M. H. Ben-Aron, S. J. Hucker, & C. D. Webster (Eds.), Clinical criminology: The assessment and treatment of criminal behavior (pp. 207-220). Toronto, Canada: M & M Graphics.
39. ^ Campbell, Terence W., The Reliability and Validity of Gardner's Indicators of Pedophilia. Issues in Child Abuse Accusations (5), online at [9]
40. ^ Crawford, David (1981). "Treatment approaches with pedophiles." Adult sexual interest in children. 181-217.
41. ^ Cohen, L.J. & Galynker, I. I. (2002). Clinical features of pedophilia and implications for treatment. Journal of Psychiatric Practice, 8, 276-289.
42. ^ "Can pedophiles be treated?" Whyfiles.org
43. ^ Council on Scientific Affairs of the American Medical Association (1987). "Aversion therapy," Journal of the American Medical Association, 258(18), 2562-2565.
44. ^ Rieber, I. et al. (1976). "Stellungnahme zu stereotaktischen Hirnoperationen an Menschen mit abweichendem Sexualverhalten" (Statement on stereotactical brain surgery performed on people exhibiting deviant sexual behaviour), Monatsschrift Kriminologie ("Criminological monthly"), no. 59, pp. 216-222. (German)
45. ^ Sigusch, V. (1977). "Medizinische Experimente am Menschen: Das Beispiel Psychochirurgie; Beiwerk des Jahrbuchs für kritische Medizin, Bd. 2" (Medical experiments in human: Example neurosurgery; supplement of the Annual of Critical Medicine, vol. 2). (German)
46. ^ Rieber, I. & Sigusch, V. (1979). "Psychosurgery on sex offenders and sexual 'deviants' in West Germany", Archives of Sexual Behaviour, no. 8, pp 523-527
47. ^ Schorsch, E & Schmidt, G. (1979). "Hypatholomie bei sexuellen Abweichungen - Eine Kritik aus sexualwissenschaftlicher Sicht" (Hypothalamotomy in cases of sexual deviance: A criticism from a sexuological perspective)
48. ^ Greist, J. H. (1990). "Treatment of obsessive compulsive disorder: Psychotherapies, drugs, and other somatic treatment", Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, no. 5 (Suppl.), 44-50.
49. ^ Diering, S. L. & Bell, W. O. (1991). "Functional neurosurgery for psychiatric disorders: A historical perspective", Stereotactical Functional Neurosurgery, no. 57, 175-194.'
50. ^ Hay, P. J. & Sachdev, P. S. (1992). "The present status of psychosurgery in Australia and New Zealand", Medical Journal of Australia, no. 157, 17-19
51. ^ Rappaport, Z. H. (1992). "Psychosurgery in the modern era: Therapeutic and ethical aspects", Medical Law, no. 11, 449-453
52. ^ Porte, C. de la (1993). "Technial possibilities and limitations of stereotaxy", Acta Neurochirurgica, no. 124, 3-6
53. ^ Poynton, A. M. (1993). "Current state of psychosurgery", British Journal of Hospital Medicine, no. 40, 408-411
54. ^ Bridges, P. K. et al (1994). "Psychosurgery: Stereotactic subcaudate tractomy. An indispensable treatment", British Journal of Psychiatry, no. 165, 599-611
55. ^ Cummings, S. et al. (1995). "Neuropsychological outcome from psychosurgery for obsessive-compulsive disorder", Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, no. 29, 33-39
56. ^ Andy, O. J. (1970). "Thalamotomy in hyperactive and aggressive behaviour", Conf. Neurol., no. 32, 322-325
57. ^ Bradford, J. M. W. (1988). "Organic treatment for the male sexual offender", Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., no. 528, 193-202
58. ^ Wyre, R. & Swift, A. (1991): " 'Und bist du nicht willig...': Die Täter" ("Don't fight it...": Sexual offenders), Köln/Germany: Volksblattverlag (German)
59. ^ Abel. G. G. et al. (1992). "Current treatments of paraphiliacs", Ann. Rev. Sex. Res., no. 3, 255-290
60. ^ Reid (2002). "Sexual Predator Evaluations and Commitments", Journal of Psychiatric Practice Vol. 8, No. 5
61. ^ [10]
62. ^ [11]
63. ^ Howells, Kevin (1981). "Considerations Relevant to Theories of Etiology", Cook, M.; Howells, K. Adult Sexual Interest in Children, 78
64. ^ Bernard, Frits (1982): "Pädophilie und Altersgrenzen" (Paedophilia and different ages of childhood), Bernard, Frits. Kinderschänder? - Pädophilie, von der Liebe mit Kindern ("Child molesters? Paedophilia, on childlove"), 81-109, Berlin: Foerster Verlag. (German)
65. ^ McConaghy, Nathaniel (1993). "Sexual Behaviour: Problems and Management", 312, New York: Plenum.
66. ^ Lautmann, Rüdiger (1994): "Unterschiede zwischen Knaben- und Mädchenliebe" (Differences of boy-love and girl-love), Lautmann, Rüdiger. Die Lust am Kind - Portrait des Pädophilen ("Erotic affection for minors: Portrait of paedophilia"), 36-40, Hamburg: Ingrid Klein Verlag. (German)
2. ^ Ames, A. & Houston, D. A. (1990). "Legal, social, and biological definitions of pedophilia." Archives of Sexual Behavior. 19 (4), 333-342.
3. ^ Liddell, H.G., and Scott, Robert (1959). Intermediate Greek-English Lexicon. ISBN 0-19-910206-6.
4. ^ Anonymous (probably Geigel, Alois. 1869) Das Paradoxon der Venus Urania ("The paradox of man-manly love"), p. 6. OCLC 68582227 OCLC 77768935 Reprinted as a complete facsimile in Hohmann, Joachim S. (1977). Der unterdrückte Sexus ("Historical oppression of sexuality"). ISBN 3879587124 (German). The anonymous 1869 author had harshly rejected the theories of early LGBT activist Karl Heinrich Ulrichs whose "filthy pederasty" he contrasted with chaste, "sublime paedophilia" basing both definitions on the classical meaning boy for παις instead of the non-classical meaning child, and εραστια ("erastia") as pure "sexual desire", contrasted with more sublime φιλία.
5. ^ Krafft-Ebing, Richard von (1886). Psychopathia Sexualis. English translation: ISBN 1-55970-425-X.
6. ^ Howells, K. (1981). "Adult sexual interest in children: Considerations relevant to theories of aetiology," Adult sexual interest in children, 55-94.
7. ^ Abel, G. G., Mittleman, M. S., & Becker, J. V. (1985). "Sex offenders: Results of assessment and recommendations for treatment." In M. H. Ben-Aron, S. J. Hucker, & C. D. Webster (Eds.), Clinical criminology: The assessment and treatment of criminal behavior (pp. 207-220). Toronto, Canada: M & M Graphics.
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12. ^ Hoffmann, R. (1996). "Die Lebenswelt des Pädophilen: Rahmen, Rituale und Dramaturgie der pädophilen Begegnung" (Paedophile conduct: Context, rituals, and choreography of paedophile contacts). Opladen: Westdeutscher Verlag (German)
13. ^ Seikowski, K. (1999). "Pädophilie: Definition, Abgrenzung und Entwicklungsbedingungen" ("Paedophilia: Definition, distinguishing features, and aetiology") In Sexualmedizin 21, pp. 327-332 (German)
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15. ^ Underwager, Ralph and Wakefield, Hollida (1995). "Special Problems with Sexual Abuse Cases: Assessment of the Accused Adult." In J. Ziskin (Ed.) Coping With Psychiatric and Psychological Testimony (Fifth Edition). Los Angeles: Law and Psychology Press. pp. 1315-1370. ISBN 1-879689-07-3
16. ^ Feierman, J. (1990). "Introduction" and "A Biosocial Overview," Pedophilia: Biosocial Dimensions, 1-68.
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21. ^ Berlin, Fred (2000). "Treatments to Change Sexual Orientation," American Journal of Psychiatry, Vol 157.
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59. ^ Abel. G. G. et al. (1992). "Current treatments of paraphiliacs", Ann. Rev. Sex. Res., no. 3, 255-290
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64. ^ Bernard, Frits (1982): "Pädophilie und Altersgrenzen" (Paedophilia and different ages of childhood), Bernard, Frits. Kinderschänder? - Pädophilie, von der Liebe mit Kindern ("Child molesters? Paedophilia, on childlove"), 81-109, Berlin: Foerster Verlag. (German)
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66. ^ Lautmann, Rüdiger (1994): "Unterschiede zwischen Knaben- und Mädchenliebe" (Differences of boy-love and girl-love), Lautmann, Rüdiger. Die Lust am Kind - Portrait des Pädophilen ("Erotic affection for minors: Portrait of paedophilia"), 36-40, Hamburg: Ingrid Klein Verlag. (German)
References
- Abel GG: Behavioral treatment of child molesters, in Perspectives on Behavioral Medicine. Edited by Stunkard AJ, Baum A. New York, Lawrence Erlbaum, 1989, pp 223-242
- Abel GG, Blanchard EB: The role of fantasy in the treatment of sexual deviation. Arch Gen Psychiatry 30:467-475, 1974
- Abel GG, Osborn CA: Clinical syndromes of adult psychiatry: the paraphilias, in The Oxford Textbook of Psychiatry. New York, Oxford University Press, in press.
- Abel GG, Rouleau J-L: Male sex offenders, in Handbook of Outpatient Treatment of Adults. Edited by Thase ME, Edelstein BA, Hersen M. New York, Plenum, 1990, pp 271-290
- Fagan P. J. et al (2002). "Pedophilia" (requires registration). Journal of the American Medical Association. 288, 2458-2465.
- Levine, Judith. (2002). Harmful to Minors: The Perils of Protecting Children From Sex. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. Discusses the perception and reality of pedophilia. ISBN 0-8166-4006-8.
- Pryor, Douglass, Unspeakable Acts: Why Men Sexually Abuse Children, New York Univ. Press, 1996.
- Rind et al. (1998). "A meta-analytic examination of assumed properties of child sexual abuse using college samples." Psychological Bulletin. 124 (1), 22-53.
- Scruton, Roger, Sexual Desire: A Moral Philosophy of the Erotic, Free, 1986.
- Wilson, Paul R. (1981). Paul Wilson: The Man They Called a Monster. Melbourne: Cassell Australia. ISBN 0-7269-9282-8. (Book about a court reporter who had sexual relationships with 2500 adolescent males; includes interviews with the later adults who reflect on these relationships.)
External links
- Explaining Pedophillia - from medical point of view
- Diagnostic criteria for Pedophilia in DSM-IV
- "In search of an etiological model of pedophilia,", Kurt Freund
- Treatment to Reduce Pedophiliac Interests
- Treatment to Decrease Attitudes and Beliefs Supportive of Pedophiliac Behavior
- "Is pedophilia a mental disorder?" - Discussion in Archives of Sexual Behavior
- Paedophilia is not a crime - An opinion piece by Martin Willett, editor of Debate Unlimited
American and British English spelling differences are one aspect of American and British English differences.
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In the early 18th century, English spelling was not standardised. Different standards became noticeable after the publishing of influential dictionaries.
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child (plural: children) is primarily a boy or girl who has not reached puberty.[1][2] However, some youth reach puberty earlier or later than expected.
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List of ICD-10 codes. The version for 2007 is available online at [1]
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Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) is an American handbook for mental health professionals that lists different categories of mental disorder and the criteria for diagnosing them, according to the publishing organization the American Psychiatric
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Paraphilia (in Greek para παρά = besides and -philia φιλία = love)—in psychology and sexology, is a term that describes a family of persistent, intense fantasies, aberrant urges, or behaviors involving sexual
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Ephebophilia or Hebephilia has been defined as sexual attraction to adolescents. [1]
The term comes from the Greek: έφηβος (ephebos)
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The term comes from the Greek: έφηβος (ephebos)
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age of consent typically does not appear in legal statutes,[1] when used with reference to criminal law the age of consent is the minimum age at which a person is considered to be capable of legally giving informed consent to any contract or behaviour regulated by law
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Child sexual abuse is an umbrella term describing criminal and civil offenses in which an adult engages in sexual activity with a minor or exploits a minor for the purpose of sexual gratification.
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Child pornography refers to pornographic material depicting children. It is widely regarded as a form of child sexual abuse[1] and as such these images and videos are illegal in most countries.
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Writing system: Greek alphabet
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Official language of: Greece
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The term pederasty or paederasty can refer to a wide range of erotic practices, generally between adult and adolescent males. Pederastic relations have been variously described - as spiritual or materialistic, lawful or criminal, loving or commercial, compassionate or
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Foot fetishism, foot partialism, or podophilia is a pronounced sexual interest in feet. It is the most common form of sexual preference for otherwise non-sexual objects or body parts.
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18th century - 19th century - 20th century
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1883 1884 1885 - 1886 - 1887 1888 1889
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1883 1884 1885 - 1886 - 1887 1888 1889
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Subjects: Archaeology - Architecture -
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Richard Freiherr von Krafft-Ebing[1] (August 14 1840 – December 22 1902) was an Austro-German psychiatrist who wrote Psychopathia Sexualis (1886), a famous study of sexual perversity, and remains well-known for his coinage of the term sadism
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Psychopathia Sexualis may refer to:
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- Psychopathia Sexualis (book), a psychology book on sexuality by Richard Freiherr von Krafft-Ebing
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The American Psychiatric Association (APA) is the main professional organization of psychiatrists and trainee psychiatrists in the United States, and the most influential world-wide. Its some 148,000 members are mainly American but some are international.
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Sexual orientation refers to the direction of an individual's sexuality, usually conceived of as classifiable according to the sex or gender of the persons whom the individual finds sexually attractive.
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For other uses of "ICD", see ICD (disambiguation).
The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (most commonly known by the abbreviation ICD
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The American Psychiatric Association (APA) is the main professional organization of psychiatrists and trainee psychiatrists in the United States, and the most influential world-wide. Its some 148,000 members are mainly American but some are international.
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Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) is an American handbook for mental health professionals that lists different categories of mental disorder and the criteria for diagnosing them, according to the publishing organization the American Psychiatric
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DSM or dsm can refer to:
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- DSM (company), an international chemicals company based in the Netherlands
- Demand Side Management, actions that influence the quantity or patterns of use of energy consumed by end users
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Puberty refers to the process of physical changes by which a child's body becomes an adult body capable of reproduction. Puberty is initiated by hormone signals from the brain to the gonads (the ovaries and testes).
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MeSH D002658 Developmental disability is a term used to describe life-long disabilities attributable to mental and/or physical or combination of mental and physical impairments, manifested prior to age twenty-two.
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Sexual orientation refers to the direction of an individual's sexuality, usually conceived of as classifiable according to the sex or gender of the persons whom the individual finds sexually attractive.
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Physis (φύσις) is a Greek theological, philosophical, and scientific term usually translated into English as "nature". In the Odyssey, Homer uses the word once (its earliest known occurrence), referring to the intrinsic way of growth of a particular species
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Brain tumor
Classification & external resources
CT scan of brain showing brain cancer to left parietal lobe in the peri-ventricular area.
ICD-10 C71, D33.0-D33.2
ICD-9 191 , 225.
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Classification & external resources
CT scan of brain showing brain cancer to left parietal lobe in the peri-ventricular area.
ICD-10 C71, D33.0-D33.2
ICD-9 191 , 225.
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Child sexual abuse is an umbrella term describing criminal and civil offenses in which an adult engages in sexual activity with a minor or exploits a minor for the purpose of sexual gratification.
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DSM or dsm can refer to:
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