Pedunculopontine nucleus
Information about Pedunculopontine nucleus
| Brain: | ||
|---|---|---|
| Latin | nucleus tegmentalis pedunculopontinus | |
| NeuroNames | hier-495 | |
| MeSH | Pedunculopontine+Tegmental+Nucleus | |
| Dorlands/Elsevier | n_11/12583626 | |
Projections
One of the distinctive characteristics of the PPN is the wide range of its projections. PPN neurons send their axons to several targets in the thalamus, basal ganglia, cerebral cortex, basal forebrain, and lower brainstem. A particularly interesting area for the study of PPN projections is the basal ganglia, due to the high level of interconnectivity between them.The complex receives direct afferences from the medial pallidum.Functions
The PPN is involved in many functions, including arousal, attention, learning, reward, and locomotion. It is also implicated in the generation and maintenance of REM sleep.External links
Brain: mesencephalon (midbrain) | |
|---|---|
| Tectum | Corpora quadrigemina (Inferior colliculi, Superior colliculi) • Subcommissural organ • Pretectum |
| Peduncle tegmentum | Periaqueductal gray (Cerebral aqueduct, Dorsal raphe nucleus) • Ventral tegmentum • Pedunculopontine nucleus • Red nucleus • MLF (riMLF) • lemnisci (Medial, Lateral) • cranial nuclei (III: Oculomotor nucleus, III: Edinger-Westphal nucleus, IV: Trochlear nucleus, V: Mesencephalic) |
| Peduncle base | Substantia nigra • Cerebral crus (Corticospinal tract, Corticobulbar tract, Corticopontine tract/Frontopontine fibers/Temporopontine fibers) |
Latin}}}
Official status
Official language of: Vatican City
Used for official purposes, but not spoken in everyday speech
Regulated by: Opus Fundatum Latinitas
Roman Catholic Church
Language codes
ISO 639-1: la
ISO 639-2: lat
..... Click the link for more information.
Official status
Official language of: Vatican City
Used for official purposes, but not spoken in everyday speech
Regulated by: Opus Fundatum Latinitas
Roman Catholic Church
Language codes
ISO 639-1: la
ISO 639-2: lat
..... Click the link for more information.
NeuroNames is a system of nomenclature for the human and/or macaque brain.
It is maintained by the University of Washington and is a part of a tool called "BrainInfo". BrainInfo helps one identify structures in the brain.
..... Click the link for more information.
It is maintained by the University of Washington and is a part of a tool called "BrainInfo". BrainInfo helps one identify structures in the brain.
..... Click the link for more information.
Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) is a huge controlled vocabulary (or metadata system) for the purpose of indexing journal articles and books in the life sciences. Created and updated by the United States National Library of Medicine (NLM), it is used by the MEDLINE/PubMed
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
Elsevier, the world's largest publisher of medical and scientific literature, forms part of the Reed Elsevier group. Based in Amsterdam, the company has substantial operations in the UK, USA and elsewhere.
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
The brain stem is the lower part of the brain, adjoining and structurally continuous with the spinal cord. Most sources consider the pons, medulla oblongata, and midbrain all to be part of the brainstem.
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
The substantia nigra (Latin for "black substance", Soemering) or locus niger is a heterogeneous portion of the midbrain, separating the pes (foot) from the tegmentum (covering), and a major element of the basal ganglia system.
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
A synapse is cholinergic if it uses acetylcholine as its neurotransmitter.
Cholinergic means "related to the neurotransmitter acetylcholine", and is typically used in a neurological perspective. The parasympathetic nervous system is entirely cholinergic.
..... Click the link for more information.
Cholinergic means "related to the neurotransmitter acetylcholine", and is typically used in a neurological perspective. The parasympathetic nervous system is entirely cholinergic.
..... Click the link for more information.
Glutamic acid or glutamate (abbreviated as Glu or E; Glx or Z represents either glutamic acid or glutamine), is the protonated form of glutamate (the anion). Glutamate is one of the 20 proteinogenic amino acids.
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
Gamma-aminobutyric acid (usually abbreviated to GABA) is an inhibitory neurotransmitter found in the nervous systems of widely divergent species. It is the chief inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system and also in the retina.
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
The reticular activating system is the name given to the part of the brain (the reticular formation and its connections) believed to be the center of arousal and motivation in animals (including humans).
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
Neurons (also known as neurones and nerve cells) are electrically excitable cells in the nervous system that process and transmit information. In vertebrate animals, neurons are the core components of the brain, spinal cord and peripheral nerves.
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
axon or nerve fiber, is a long, slender projection of a nerve cell, or neuron, that conducts electrical impulses away from the neuron's cell body or soma.
..... Click the link for more information.
Anatomy
..... Click the link for more information.
For the computer game developer, see Thalamus Ltd.
The thalamus (from Greek θάλαμος = bedroom, chamber, IPA= /ˈθæləməs/) is a pair and symmetric part of the brain.
..... Click the link for more information.
The basal ganglia (or basal nuclei) are a group of nuclei in the brain interconnected with the cerebral cortex, thalamus and brainstem. Mammalian basal ganglia are associated with a variety of functions: motor control, cognition, emotions and learning.
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
cerebral cortex is a structure within the vertebrate brain with distinct structural and functional properties. In non-living, preserved brains, the outermost layers of the cerebrum has a grey color, hence the name "grey matter".
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
The basal forebrain is a collection of structures located ventrally to the striatum. Cholinergic neurons in the basal forebrain participate in behavioral processes such as attention and memory.
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
The brain stem is the lower part of the brain, adjoining and structurally continuous with the spinal cord. Most sources consider the pons, medulla oblongata, and midbrain all to be part of the brainstem.
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
The basal ganglia (or basal nuclei) are a group of nuclei in the brain interconnected with the cerebral cortex, thalamus and brainstem. Mammalian basal ganglia are associated with a variety of functions: motor control, cognition, emotions and learning.
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
Arousal is a physiological and psychological state of being awake. It involves the activation of the reticular activating system in the brain stem, the autonomic nervous system and the endocrine system, leading to increased heart rate and blood pressure and a condition of
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
Attention is the cognitive process of selectively concentrating on one aspect of the environment while ignoring other things. Examples include listening carefully to what someone is saying while ignoring other conversations in the room (the cocktail party effect) or listening to a
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
Learning is the acquisition and development of memories and behaviors, including skills, knowledge, understanding, values, and wisdom. It is the goal of education, and the product of experience.
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
Reward may refer to:
..... Click the link for more information.
- Bounty (reward)
- Reward system of psychological account.
- Loyalty program
- Reward website
..... Click the link for more information.
In a general sense, locomotion simply means active movement or travel, applying not just to biological individuals.
..... Click the link for more information.
- In biology, locomotion is the self-powered, patterned motion of limbs or other anatomical parts by which an individual customarily moves itself from
..... Click the link for more information.
REM atonia, a state in which the motor neurons are not stimulated and thus the body's muscles don't move. Lack of such REM atonia causes REM Behavior Disorder; sufferers act out the movements occurring in their dreams.
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
BrainMaps is an NIH-funded interactive zoomable high-resolution digital brain atlas and virtual microscope that is based on more than 20 million megapixels (50 terabytes) of scanned images of serial sections of both primate and non-primate brains and that is integrated with a
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
In animals, the brain or encephalon (Greek for "in the skull"), is the control center of the central nervous system, responsible for behavior. The brain is located in the head, protected by the skull and close to the primary sensory apparatus of vision, hearing,
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
In biological anatomy, the mesencephalon (or midbrain) is the middle of three vesicles that arise from the neural tube that forms the brain of developing animals. Caudally the mesencephalon adjoins the pons (metencephalon) and rostrally it adjoins the diencephalon
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
The tectum (Latin: roof) is a region of the brain, specifically the dorsal part of the mesencephalon (midbrain).
It is derived in embryonic development from the alar plate of the neural tube.
..... Click the link for more information.
It is derived in embryonic development from the alar plate of the neural tube.
..... Click the link for more information.
In the brain, the corpora quadrigemina (Latin for "quadruplet bodies") are the four colliculi—two inferior, two superior—located on the tectum the dorsal aspect of the midbrain.
The corpora quadrigemina are reflex centers involving vision and hearing.
..... Click the link for more information.
The corpora quadrigemina are reflex centers involving vision and hearing.
..... Click the link for more information.
The inferior colliculi (Latin, lower hill) together with the superior colliculi form the eminences of the corpora quadrigemina, and also part of the tectal region of the midbrain.
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
This article is copied from an article on Wikipedia.org - the free encyclopedia created and edited by online user community. The text was not checked or edited by anyone on our staff. Although the vast majority of the wikipedia encyclopedia articles provide accurate and timely information please do not assume the accuracy of any particular article. This article is distributed under the terms of GNU Free Documentation License.