Commonwealth of Pennsylvania
Flag of Pennsylvania Flag of Pennsylvania Seal Nickname(s): Keystone State, Quaker State, Coal State, Oil State Motto(s): Virtue, Liberty and Independence Map of the United States with Pennsylvania highlighted
Capital	Harrisburg
Largest city	Philadelphia
Area	Ranked 33rd
- Total	46,055 sq mi (119,283 km)
- Width	280 miles (455 km)
- Length	160 miles (255 km)
- % water	2.7
- Latitude	39° 43′ N to 42° 16′ N
- Longitude	74° 41′ W to 80° 31′ W
Population	Ranked 6th
- Total (2000)	12,281,054
- Density	274.02/sq mi  105.80/km (10th)
Elevation
- Highest point	Mount Davis[1] 3,213 ft  (979 m)
- Mean	1,099 ft  (335 m)
- Lowest point	Delaware River[1] 0 ft  (0 m)
Admission to Union	December 12 1787 (2nd)
Governor	Ed Rendell (D)
'''U.S. Senators	Arlen Specter (R) Bob Casey, Jr. (D)
'''Congressional Delegation	List
Time zone	Eastern: UTC-5/-4
Abbreviations	PA Penna. US-PA
Web site	state.pa.us

The Commonwealth of Pennsylvania (IPA: /ˌpɛn.səlˈveɪ.njə/) is a state located in the Middle Atlantic region of the United States of America.

One of Pennsylvania's nicknames is the Quaker State; in colonial times, it was known officially as the Quaker Province,^[2] in recognition of Quaker^[3] William Penn's First Frame of Government^[4] constitution for Pennsylvania that guaranteed liberty of conscience. Penn knew of the hostility^[5] Quakers faced when they opposed rituals, oaths, violence, and ostentatious frippery.^[6]

Pennsylvania has also been known as the Keystone State since 1802,^[7] based in part upon its central location among the original Thirteen Colonies forming the United States.^[7] It was also a keystone state economically, having both the industry common to the North, making such wares as Conestoga wagons^[8] and rifles,^[9] and the agriculture common to the South, producing feed, fiber, food, and tobacco.^[10]

Pennsylvania has 51 miles (82 km)^[11] of coastline along Lake Erie and 57 miles (92 km)^[12] of shoreline along the Delaware Estuary. Philadelphia is Pennsylvania's largest city and is home to a major seaport and shipyards on the Delaware River.^[13]

Geography

Further information: Geography of Pennsylvania

Further information: List of Pennsylvania counties

Pennsylvania is 170 miles (274 km) north to south and 283 miles (455 km) east to west.^[14] Of a total 46,055 square miles (119282 km), 44,817 square miles (116075 km) are land, 490 square miles (1269 km) are inland waters and 749 square miles (1940 km) are waters in Lake Erie.^[15] It is the 33rd largest state in the United States.^[15] The highest point of 3,213 feet (979 m) above sea level is at Mount Davis, which was named for its owner, John Davis, a schoolteacher who fought for the Union Army at the Battle of Gettysburg. The lowest point is at sea level on the Delaware River, and the approximate mean elevation is 1,100 feet (335 m).^[16] Pennsylvania is in the Eastern time zone.^[17]



The original southern boundary of Pennsylvania was supposed to be at 40° North latitude,^[18] but as a result of a bad faith compromise by Lord Baltimore during Cresap's War, the king's courts moved the boundary 20 miles (32 km) south^[19] to 39° 43' N.^[19] The city of Philadelphia, at 40°0'N 75°8'W,^[20] would have been split in half by the original boundary. While he was a captive, Cresap, a Marylander, was paraded through Philadelphia. He taunted the officers by announcing that Philadelphia was one of the prettiest towns in Maryland.^[19]

Climate

Pennsylvania's diverse geography also produces a variety of climates. Straddling two major zones, the southeastern corner of the state posses the warmest climate. Greater Philadelphia lies at the southernmost tip of the Humid continental climate zone, with some characteristics of the Humid subtropical climate that lies in Delaware and Maryland to the south. Moving toward the mountainous interior of the state, the climate becomes markedly colder, number of cloudy days increases, and winter snowfall amounts are greater. Western areas of the state, particular cities near Lake Erie can receive over 100 inches of snowfall annually, and the entire state receives plentiful rainfall throughout the year.

Monthly Normal High and Low Temperatures For Various Pennsylvania Cities
City	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec
Scranton	34/18	37/20	47/28	59/38	71/48	78/57	83/61	81/60	72/53	61/42	49/34	39/24
Erie	33/20	36/21	45/28	56/38	67/49	76/59	80/64	79/63	72/56	61/46	49/36	39/27
Pittsburgh	37/20	39/21	50/29	62/38	71/48	80/56	85/62	83/60	76/53	64/41	53/33	42/25
Harrisburg	38/23	41/25	51/33	63/42	73/51	81/61	86/66	84/64	76/57	64/45	53/36	42/28
Philadelphia	39/25	42/28	51/35	62/44	72/55	81/64	86/70	84/69	77/61	66/49	55/40	44/31
[1]

History

Main article: History of Pennsylvania

Further information: List of Pennsylvania firsts

Before the Commonwealth was settled, the area was home to the Delaware (also known as Lenni Lenape), Susquehannock, Iroquois, Eriez, Shawnee, and other Native American tribes.^[21]



In 1681, Charles II granted a land charter^[22] to William Penn, to repay a large debt owed to William's father, Admiral Penn. This was one of the largest land grants to an individual in history.^[23] The land included present-day Delaware and Pennsylvania. It was called Pennsylvania, meaning "Penn's Woods", in honor of Admiral Penn.

Penn established a government with two innovations that were much copied in the New World: the county commission, and freedom of religious conviction.^[23] Writer Murray Rothbard in his four-volume history of the U.S., Conceived in Liberty, refers to the years of 1681–90 as "Pennsylvania's Anarchist Experiment."^[24]

Between 1723 and when it was shut down by Parliament with the Currency Act of 1764, the Pennsylvania Colony made its own paper money to account for the shortage of actual gold and silver. The paper money was called Colonial Scrip. The Colony issued "bills of credit" which were as good as gold or silver coins because of their legal tender status. Since they were issued by the government and not a banking institution, it was an interest-free proposition, largely defraying the expense of the government and therefore taxation of the people. It also promoted generally employment and prosperity since the Government used discretion and did not issue too much to inflate the currency. Benjamin Franklin had a hand in creating this currency, of which he said its utility was never to be disputed and it also received the high praise of Adam Smith.

After the Stamp Act Congress of 1765, Delegate John Dickinson of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania wrote the Declaration of Rights and Grievances. The Congress was the first meeting of the thirteen colonies, called at the request of the Massachusetts Assembly, but only nine colonies sent delegates.^[25] Dickinson then wrote Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania, To the Inhabitants of the British Colonies, which were published in the Pennsylvania Chronicle between December 2, 1767, and February 15, 1768.^[26]

When the Founding Fathers of the United States were to convene in Philadelphia in 1774, 12 colonies sent representatives to the First Continental Congress.^[27] The First Continental Congress drew up and signed the Declaration of Independence in Philadelphia,^[28] but when that city was captured by the British, the Continental Congress escaped westward, meeting at the Lancaster courthouse on Saturday, September 27, 1777, and then to York. There they drew up the Articles of Confederation that formed 13 independent colonies into a new nation. Later, the Constitution was written, and Philadelphia was once again chosen to be cradle to the new American Nation.^[29]

Pennsylvania became the second state to ratify the U.S. Constitution on December 12, 1787,^[30] five days after Delaware became the first.



For half a century, the Commonwealth's legislature met at various places in the general Philadelphia area before starting to meet regularly in Independence Hall in Philadelphia for 63 years.^[31] But it needed a more central location, as for example the Paxton Boys massacres of 1763 had made them aware. So, in 1799 the legislature moved to the Lancaster Courthouse,^[31] and finally in 1812 to Harrisburg.^[31] The legislature met in the old Dauphin County Court House until December 1821,^[31] when the Redbrick Capitol was finished. It burned down in 1897, presumably due to a faulty flue.^[31] The legislature met at Grace Methodist Church on State Street (still standing), until the present capitol was finished in 1907.^[31]

The new state Capitol drew rave reviews.^[31] Its dome was inspired by the domes of St. Peter's Basilica in Rome and the United States Capitol.^[31] President Theodore Roosevelt called it the "the most beautiful state Capitol in the nation", and said "It's the handsomest building I ever saw" at the dedication. In 1989, the New York Times praised it as "grand, even awesome at moments, but it is also a working building, accessible to citizens ... a building that connects with the reality of daily life."^[31]

Pennsylvania accounts for 9% of all wooded areas in the United States

James Buchanan, of Lancaster, Pennsylvania, was the only bachelor President of the United States.^[32] The Battle of Gettysburg — the major turning point of the Civil War — took place near Gettysburg.^[33]

Demographics

Further information: List of prominent people from Pennsylvania

Demographics of Pennsylvania (csv)
By race	White	Black	AIAN	Asian	NHPI
AIAN is American Indian or Alaskan Native   -   NHPI is Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander
2000 (total population)	87.60%	10.71%	0.43%	2.04%	0.07%
2000 (Hispanic only)	2.74%	0.44%	0.06%	0.03%	0.02%
2005 (total population)	86.83%	11.20%	0.45%	2.46%	0.09%
2005 (Hispanic only)	3.52%	0.53%	0.07%	0.05%	0.02%
Growth 2000-2005 (total population)	0.32%	5.83%	5.64%	22.23%	18.99%
Growth 2000-2005 (non-Hispanic only)	-0.64%	5.21%	2.77%	21.86%	14.13%
Growth 2000-2005 (Hispanic only)	29.86%	20.24%	23.61%	45.64%	35.44%

The center of population of Pennsylvania is located in Perry County, in the borough of Duncannon [2].

As of 2006, Pennsylvania has an estimated population of 12,440,621, which is an increase of 35,273 from the previous year, and an increase of 159,567 since the year 2000. Net migration from other states resulted in a decrease of 27,718, and immigration from other countries resulted in an increase of 126,007. Net migration to the Commonwealth was 98,289. Migration of native Pennsylvanians resulted in a decrease of 100,000 people. In 2006, 5.00% of Pennsylvanians were foreign born (621,480 people).^[34]

Foreign-born Pennsylvanians are largely from Asia (36.0%), Europe (35.9%), Latin America (30.6%), 5% coming from Africa, 3.1% coming from North America, and 0.4% coming from Oceania.^[34]



Pennsylvania's reported population of Hispanics, especially among the Asian, Hawaiian and White races, has markedly increased in the last years.^[35] It is not clear how much of this change reflects a changing population, and how much reflects increased willingness to self-identify minority status.

Historical populations
Census	Pop.		%
1790	434,373		—
1800	602,365		0%
1810	810,091		0%
1820	1,049,458		0%
1830	1,348,233		0%
1840	1,724,033		0%
1850	2,311,786		0%
1860	2,906,215		0%
1870	3,521,951		0%
1880	4,282,891		0%
1890	5,258,113		0%
1900	6,302,115		0%
1910	7,665,111		0%
1920	8,720,017		0%
1930	9,631,350		0%
1940	9,900,180		0%
1950	10,498,012		0%
1960	11,319,366		0%
1970	11,793,909		0%
1980	11,863,895		0%
1990	11,881,643		0%
2000	12,281,054		0%

Pennsylvania's population was reported as 5.9% under 5 and 23.8% under 18, with 15.6% were 65 or older. Females made up 51.7% of the population.^[36]

The five largest ancestry groups self-reported in Pennsylvania are: German (27.66%), Irish (17.66%), Italian (12.82%), English (8.89%) and Polish (7.23%).^[37]

Religion

The new sovereign also enacted several wise and wholesome laws for his colony, which have remained invariably the same to this day. The chief is, to ill–treat no person on account of religion, and to consider as brethren all those who believe in one God. - Voltaire, speaking of William Penn[38]

Of all the colonies, only in Rhode Island was religious freedom as secure as in Pennsylvania - and one result was an incredible religious diversity, one which continues to this day.^[39]

Pennsylvania's population in 2000 was 12,281,054. Of these, 8,448,193 were estimated to belong to some sort of organized religion. According to the Association of religion data archives at Pennsylvania State University, reliable data exists for 7,116,348 religious adherents in Pennsylvania in 2000, following 115 different faiths.^[40] Their affiliations, including percentage of all adherents, were:^[41]

• Roman Catholic: 3,802,524 (53.43%)
• Orthodox: 75,354 (1.06%)
• Mainline Protestant: 2,140,682 (30%)
• United Methodist Church: 659,350 (9.27%)
• Evangelical Lutheran Church in America: 611,913 (8.60%)
• Presbyterian Church: 324,714 (4.56%)
• United Church of Christ: 241,844 (3.40%)
• American Baptist Churches in the USA: 132,858 (1.87%)
• Episcopal Church: 116,511 (1.64%)
• Evangelical Protestant: 704,204 (10%)
• Assemblies of God: 84,153 (1.18%)
• Church of the Brethren: 52,684 (0.74%)
• Mennonite Church USA: 48,215 (0.68%)
• Christian and Missionary Alliance: 45,926 (0.65%)
• Southern Baptist Convention: 44,432 (0.62%)
• Independent Non-charismatic churches: 42,992 (0.60%)
• Other theology: 393,584 (5.53%)
• Jewish estimate: 283,000 (3.98%)
• Muslim estimate: 71,190 (1.00%)
• Unitarian Universalist Association of Congregations: 6,778 (0.10%)
• The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints: 31,032 (0.44%)

Pennsylvania is also noted for having the highest concentration of an Amish population in the United States.^[42]

While Pennsylvania owes its existence to Quakers and many of the older trappings of the Commonwealth are rooted in the teachings of the Religious Society of Friends (as they are officially known), practicing Quakers are a small minority today.

Economy

Pennsylvania's 2005 total gross state product (GSP) of $430.31 billion^[43] ranks the state 6^th in the nation. If Pennsylvania were an independent country, its economy would rank as the 17^th largest in the world, ahead of Belgium, but behind the Netherlands. On a per-capita basis, though, Pennsylvania's per-capita GSP of $34,619 ranks 26^th among the 50 states.^[43]

Philadelphia in the southeast corner and Pittsburgh in the southwest corner are urban manufacturing centers, with the "t-shaped" remainder of the Commonwealth being much more rural; this dichotomy affects state politics as well as the state economy.^[44] Philadelphia is home to 10 Fortune 500 companies,^[45] with more located in suburbs like King of Prussia; it's a leader in the financial^[46] and insurance industry.^[47] Pittsburgh is home to 6 Fortune 500 companies, including U.S. Steel, PPG Industries, H.J. Heinz, and Alcoa.^[47] In all, Pennsylvania is home to 49 Fortune 500 companies.

As in the US as a whole and in most states, largest private employer in the Commonwealth is Wal-Mart, followed by the University of Pennsylvania, United Parcel Service and Giant Food (called Stop and Shop in other states). The largest manufacturing employer is Merck.^[49]

Manufacturing

States cannot thrive by "taking in each other's laundry",^[50] but manufacturing imports money and jobs from the rest of the world. Pennsylvania's factories and workshops manufacture 16.1% of the Gross State Product (GSP); only 10 states are more industrialized.^[51] While Educational Services is only 1.8% of the Commonwealth's GSP, that's twice the national average; only Massachusetts, Rhode Island and Vermont outrank Pennsylvania.^[51] Although Pennsylvania is known as a coal state, mining only amounts to 0.6% of the Commonwealth's economy, compared to 1.3% for the country as a whole.^[51]

Agriculture

Pennsylvania ranks 19^th overall in agricultural production,^[52] but 1^st in Mushrooms, 3^rd in Christmas trees and layer chickens, 4^th in nursery and sod, milk, corn for silage, and horse production. Only about 9,600 of the Commonwealth's 58,000 farmers have sales of $100,000 or more, and with production expenses equaling 84.9% of sales, most not only have a net farming income below the $19,806 that marks poverty for a family of four,^[53] but are liable for a 12.4% self-employment tax as well.^[54] The average farmer is 53 and getting older,^[55] as young Pennsylvanians find low farming income a tough row to hoe.^[56] Many farms in the southeastern part of the Commonwealth have been sold to housing developers in the past years. This is largely due to rising taxes and land prices, reflecting high demand for land in the nations fifth largest metropolitan area. Bucks and Montgomery counties were the first to suburbanize, but this trend is now extending to Chester, Lancaster, Berks, and Lehigh counties.

Tourism

Pennsylvania draws 2.1% of the Gross State Product from Accommodation and Food Services. Only Connecticut, Delaware and Iowa have lower numbers, and Nevada gets a whopping 14.2% of their GSP that way.^[51] Philadelphia draws tourists^[57] to see the Liberty Bell, Independence Hall, the Franklin Institute and the steps of the Philadelphia Museum of Art, while The Poconos^[58] attract honeymooners, golfers and fishermen, and the Delaware Water Gap^[59] and Allegheny National Forest appeal to boaters, hikers, and nature lovers. Another attraction are the many covered bridges in the state, as Pennsylvania has more covered bridges than any other state.^[60] Fourteen slots casinos, the majority of which are either in the process of being awarded licenses from the Pennsylvania Gaming Control Board or are under construction, are expected to make up a good portion of tourism in the Commonwealth.^[61]

The Commonwealth launched an extensive tourism campaign in 2003 under the direction of the Pennsylvania Department of Community and Economic Development. An extensive website^[62] has been established to promote visits to the state and new license plates feature the VistPA.com website.

Main article: Pennsylvania Dutch Country

The Pennsylvania Dutch region in south-central Pennsylvania is a favorite for sightseers.^[63] The Pennsylvania Dutch, including the Old Order Amish, the Old Order Mennonites and at least 35 other sects,^[64] are common in the rural areas around the cities of Lancaster, York, and Harrisburg, with smaller numbers extending northeast to the Lehigh Valley and up the Susquehanna River valley.

The term "Dutch", when referring to the Pennsylvania Dutch, means "German" or "Teutonic" rather than "Netherlander". Germans, in their own language, call themselves "Deutsch", which in English became, misleadingly, "Dutch".^[65] The Pennsylvania Dutch language is a descendant of German, in the West Central German dialect family.

Politics

Government of the Commonwealth

Pennsylvania has had five constitutions during its statehood:^[66] 1776, 1790, 1838, 1874, and 1968. Prior to that, the province of Pennsylvania was governed for a century by a Frame of Government, of which there were four versions: 1682, 1683, 1696, and 1701.^[66]

The capital of the Commonwealth is Harrisburg. The legislature meets in the new State Capitol there.

The current Governor is Ed Rendell, a former head of the Democratic National Committee who began as a popular District Attorney and mayor in Philadelphia.^[67] The other elected officials composing the executive branch are the Lieutenant Governor Catherine Baker Knoll, Attorney General Tom Corbett, Auditor General Jack Wagner, and State Treasurer Robin Weissman.^[68]

Pennsylvania has a bicameral legislature set up by Commonwealth's constitution in 1790. The original Frame of Government of William Penn had a unicameral legislature.^[69] The General Assembly includes 50 Senators^[70] and 203 Representatives.^[71] Joseph B. Scarnati III is currently President Pro Tempore of the State Senate,^[72] Domenic Pileggi the Majority Leader,^[73] and Robert J. Mellow the Minority Leader.^[74] Dennis M. O'Brien is Speaker of the House of Representatives,^[75] with H. William DeWeese as Majority Leader^[76] and Samuel H. Smith as Minority Leader.^[77] The 2006 election resulted in the Democrats regaining control of the House and the balance remaining unchanged in Republicans' favor in the Senate.

Pennsylvania is divided into 60 judicial districts,^[78] most of which (except Philadelphia and Allegheny Counties) have magisterial district judges (formerly called district justices and justices of the peace), who preside mainly over minor criminal offenses and small civil claims.^[78] Most criminal and civil cases originate in the Courts of Common Pleas, which also serve as appellate courts to the district judges and for local agency decisions.^[78] The Superior Court hears all appeals from the Courts of Common Pleas not expressly designated to the Commonwealth Court or Supreme Court. It also has original jurisdiction to review warrants for wiretap surveillance.^[78] The Commonwealth Court is limited to appeals from final orders of certain state agencies and certain designated cases from the Courts of Common Pleas.^[78] The Supreme Court of Pennsylvania is the final appellate court. All judges in Pennsylvania are elected; the chief justice is determined by seniority.^[78]

Sales tax provides 39% of Commonwealth's revenue; personal income tax 34%; motor vehicle taxes about 12%, and taxes on cigarettes and alcohol beverage 5%.^[79]

Counties, municipalities, and school districts levy taxes on real estate. In addition, some local bodies assess a wage tax on personal income. Generally, the total wage tax rate is capped at 1% of income but some municipalities with home rule charters may charge more than 1%. Thirty-two of the Commonwealth's sixty-seven counties levy a personal property tax on stocks, bonds, and similar holdings.

Representation in the 110th Congress

Pennsylvania's two U.S. Senators in the 110th Congress are Arlen Specter and Bob Casey, Jr.. Pennsylvania's U.S. Congressmen for the term beginning January 2007 are Robert Brady (1^st), Chaka Fattah (2^nd), Phil English (3^rd), Jason Altmire (4^th), John E. Peterson (5^th), Jim Gerlach (6^th), Joe Sestak (7^th), Patrick Murphy (8^th), Bill Shuster (9^th), Chris Carney (10^th), Paul E. Kanjorski (11^th), John Murtha (12^th), Allyson Schwartz (13^th), Mike Doyle (14^th), Charlie Dent (15^th), Joe Pitts (16^th), Tim Holden (17^th), Tim Murphy (18^th), and Todd Russell Platts (19^th).^[80]

Regional strength

In the past decade, no political party has been clearly dominant in Pennsylvania. This, combined with Pennsylvania's rank of 6th in the country in population, has made it one of the most important swing states. Democrats are strong in urban Philadelphia and the areas of Pittsburgh, Reading, Allentown, Erie, Johnstown, and Scranton/Wilkes-Barre. Republicans are generally dominant in the vast rural areas that make up the balance of the Commonwealth. Traditionally, Republicans have also fared well in the densely populated and wealthy suburbs of Philadelphia and Pittsburgh, but in the 1990s and 2000s many of these suburbs began to associate more with the Democratic Party.

In the 2004 Presidential Election, Senator John F. Kerry beat President George W. Bush in Pennsylvania 2,938,095 (50.92%) to 2,793,847 (48.42%).

Important cities and municipalities

Municipalities in Pennsylvania are incorporated as cities of several classes, boroughs, as townships of several classes, or under home rule charters. A "Village", often identified by a roadside sign, is unincorporated, and is merely a locale without distinct boundaries.

There is some confusion about the number of "towns" in Pennsylvania. In 1870, Bloomsburg, the county seat of Columbia County was incorporated as a town, and is recognized by state government publications as "the only incorporated town" in Pennsylvania.^[81][82][83] However, in 1975, McCandless Township, in Allegheny County adopted a home rule charter under the name "Town of McCandless".^[84][85]

The ten most populated cities in Pennsylvania, in order are: Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, Allentown, Erie, Reading, Scranton, Bethlehem, Lancaster, Altoona, and Harrisburg.

Recreation

Pennsylvania is home to the nation's first zoo, the Philadelphia Zoo. [3] Other notable zoos include Claws 'n Paws, Erie Zoo, Pittsburgh Zoo, and ZOOAMERICA. The Commonwealth boasts some of the finest museums in the country. One of the unique museums is the Houdini Museum [4] in Scranton, the only building in the world devoted to the legendary magician. It is also home to the National Aviary, located in Pittsburgh.

All 121 state parks in Pennsylvania feature free admission.

Pennsylvania offers a number of notable amusement parks, including Camel Beach, Conneaut Lake Park, Dorney Park & Wildwater Kingdom, Dutch Wonderland, DelGrosso Amusement Park, Hershey Park, Idlewild Park, Kennywood, Knoebels, Lakemont Park, Sandcastle Waterpark, Sesame Place, Great Wolf Lodge and Waldameer Park. Pennsylvania also is home to the largest indoor waterpark resort on the East Coast, Splash Lagoon in Erie.

There are also notable music festivals that take place in PA. These include Musikfest, the Philadelphia Folk Festival, Creation Festival, and Purple Door.

Pennsylvania is a great state for sportsmen and sportswomen. There are nearly 1 million licensed hunters. Whitetail deer, cottontail rabbits, squirrel, turkey, and grouse are common game species. Pennsylvania is considered one of the finest wild turkey hunting states in the Union, alongside Texas and Alabama. Sport hunting in Pennsylvania is a massive boost for the Commonwealth's economy. A report from The Center for Rural Pennsylvania (A Legislative Agency of the Pennsylvania General Assembly) reported that hunting, fishing, and furtaking generated a total of $9.6 billion statewide.

Sports

Main article: Pennsylvania sports

Pennsylvania is home to many professional sports teams, including the Philadelphia Phillies and Pittsburgh Pirates of Major League Baseball, the Pittsburgh Steelers and Philadelphia Eagles of the National Football League, the Philadelphia 76ers of the National Basketball Association, the Pittsburgh Penguins and Philadelphia Flyers of the National Hockey League, and the Philadelphia Soul of the Arena Football League. Among them, these teams have accumulated 6 World Series Championships (Pirates 5, Phillies 1), 14 National League Pennants, 3 pre-Super Bowl era NFL Championships (Eagles), 5 Super Bowl Championships (Steelers), 4 NBA Championships (76ers), and 4 Stanley Cup winners (Flyers 2, Penguins 2).

College football is also very popular in Pennsylvania. The Penn State University Nittany Lions are coached by Joe Paterno who led Penn State to two national championships (1982 & 1986) as well as five undefeated seasons (1968, 1969, 1973, 1986 and 1994). Penn State plays its home games in the second largest stadium in the United States, Beaver Stadium, that seats 107,282. In addition, the University of Pittsburgh Panthers have won nine national championships (1915, 1916, 1918, 1929, 1931, 1934, 1936, 1937 and 1976) and have played eight undefeated seasons (1904, 1910, 1915, 1916, 1917, 1920, 1937 and 1976).[5] Pitt plays its home games at Heinz Field, a facility it shares with the Pittsburgh Steelers. Other Pennsylvania schools that have won national titles in football include Lafayette College (1896) and the University of Pennsylvania (1895, 1897, 1904 and 1908).[6]

College basketball is also popular in Pennsylvania, especially in the Philadelphia area where five universities, collectively termed the Big Five, have a rich tradition in NCAA Division I basketball. National titles in college basketball have been won by the following Pennsylvania universities: La Salle University (1954), Temple University (1938), University of Pennsylvania (1920 and 1921), University of Pittsburgh (1928 and 1930) and Villanova University (1985).[7][8]

In motorsports, the Mario Andretti dynasty of race drivers is from Nazareth. Notable Racetracks in Pennsylvania include the Jennerstown Speedway in Jennerstown, the Lake Erie Speedway in North East, the Mahoning Valley Speedway in Lehighton, the Motordome Speedway in Smithton, the Mountain Speedway in St. Johns, the Nazareth Speedway in Nazareth; and the Pocono Raceway in Long Pond, which is home both the Pennsylvania 500 and the Pocono 500.

In Baseball the Little League World Series is held in Williamsport, where it was founded. Also the First world Series between the Boston pilgrims and Pittsburgh Pirates was played in Pittsburgh.

There are also two motocross race tracks that host a round of the AMA Toyota Motocross Championships in Pennsylvania. [High Point Raceway]High Point in located in Mt. Morris, PA, and Steel City is located in Delmont, PA.

Race courses for horses in Pennsylvania consist of Ladbroke at the Meadows, in Pittsburgh, Mohegan Sun at Pocono Downs, in Wilkes-Barre and Harrah's Chester Casino and Racetrack in Chester which offer harness racing, and Penn National Race Course in Grantville and Philadelphia Park, in Bensalem which offer thoroughbred racing. Smarty Jones, the 2004 Kentucky Derby winner, had Philadelphia Park as his home course.

Arnold Palmer, one of the leading 20th century pro golfers, comes from Latrobe, and Jim Furyk, one of the leading 21-century pro golfers, grew up near in Lancaster. PGA tournaments in Pennsylvania include the 84 Lumber Classic, played at Nemacolin Woodlands Resort, in Farmington and the Northeast Pennsylvania Classic, played at Glenmaura National Golf Club, in Moosic.

Philadelphia is home to LOVE Park, once a skateboarding mecca, and across from City Hall, host to ESPN's X Games in 2001 and 2002.

Major League Baseball all-star, Mike Piazza, is from Phoenixville.

Food

In his book Yo Mama Cooks Like a Yankee, author Sharon Hernes Silverman calls Pennsylvania the snack food capital of the world. It leads all other states in the manufacture of pretzels and potato chips. The Sturgis Pretzel House introduced the pretzel to America, and companies like Anderson Bakery Company, Intercourse Pretzel Factory, and Snyder's of Hanover are leading manufacturers in the Commonwealth. The three companies that define the U.S. potato chip industry are Utz Quality Foods, Inc., which started making chips in Hanover, Pennsylvania in 1921, Wise Snack Foods which started making chips in Berwick in 1921, and Lay's Potato Chips, a Texas company. Other companies such as Herr Foods, Martin's Potato Chips, and Troyer Farms Potato Products are popular chip manufacturers. The U.S. chocolate industry is centered in Hershey, Pennsylvania, with Mars and Wilbur Chocolate Company nearby, and smaller manufacturers such as Asher's near Lansdale and Gertrude Hawk of Dunmore. Other notable companies include Just Born in Bethlehem, PA, makers of Hot Tamales, Mike and Ikes, and the Easter favorite marshmallow Peeps, Benzel's Pretzels and Boyer Candies of Altoona, PA, which is well known for its Mallow Cups. Auntie Anne's Pretzels originated in Gap, but their corporate headquarters is now located in Lancaster, PA.

Among the regional foods associated with Pennsylvania are the pierogies, cheesesteak and the hoagie, the soft pretzel, Italian water ice, scrapple, Tastykake, and the stromboli. In Pittsburgh, tomato ketchup was improved by Henry John Heinz from 1876 to the early 1900s. Famous to a lesser extent than Heinz ketchup are the Pittsburgh's Primanti Brothers Restaurant sandwiches. Outside the city of Scranton, in the Borough of Old Forge there are dozens of Italian restaurants specializing in pizza made unique by thick, light crust and American cheese. Sauerkraut along with pork and mashed potatoes is a common meal on New Year's Day in Pennsylvania.

Multi-ethnic cuisine is common, especially in the Pittsburgh, Philadelphia, and Coal Region areas. Amish, Chinese, Italian, Indian, Japanese, Korean, Mexican, Pakistani, Persian, Polish, Russian, Thai, Turkish cuisine and many others can be found not only in specialty restaurants but at hundreds of community or religious festivals.

State symbols

Pennsylvania state insignia and historical facts

State tree	Hemlock
State bird	Ruffed grouse[7]
State flower	Mountain laurel[7]
State insect	Photuris pennsylvanica (Pennsylvania Firefly)[7]
State animal	White-tailed deer[7]
State dog	Great Dane
State fish	Brook trout[7]
State fossil	the trilobite Phacops rana[7]
State beverage	Milk[7]
State capital	Harrisburg[87]
Union admission rank	2nd
State song	Pennsylvania (Formerly Hail, Pennsylvania!, until 1990)[7]
State toy	Slinky[88]
State ship	United States Brig Niagara[7]
State electric locomotive	Pennsylvania Railroad GG1 #4849 Locomotive
State steam locomotive	Pennsylvania Railroad K4s Locomotive
State beautification plant	Crown vetch[7]
State soil	Hazleton[7]

See also

Appalachia Geology of Pennsylvania List of colleges and universities in Pennsylvania List of high schools in Pennsylvania List of hospitals in Pennsylvania List of Pennsylvania counties List of Pennsylvania films and television shows List of Pennsylvania firsts

List of Pennsylvania-related topics List of prominent people from Pennsylvania List of school districts in Pennsylvania Pennsylvania census statistical areas Pennsylvania State Police Scouting in Pennsylvania List of State Routes in Pennsylvania List of numbered highways in Pennsylvania List of BicyclePA bicycle routes

References

External links

• Gov. Andrew Curtin's Pennsylvania Reserve Volunteer Corps, Civil War 1861–1864
• Official state government site
• Penna. Dept. of Transportation
• USGS real-time, geographic, and other scientific resources of Pennsylvania
• Pennsylvania State Facts
• Official state tourism site
• Biography of William Penn from 1829
• A History of Pennsylvania from 1905
• Free Original Documents Online: Pennsylvania State Archives 1600s to 1800s
• Miller, Randall M. and William Pencak, Pennsylvania: A History of the Commonwealth
• Interactive Pennsylvania for Kids
• Pennsylvania Department of Community and Economic Development

	•  • [ e] Commonwealth of Pennsylvania Harrisburg (capital)
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