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Post-impressionism

The Centenary of Independence
(Le centenaire de l'indépendance)
Henri Rousseau, 1892
Oil on canvas
57 × 110 cm, 22.4 × 43.3 inches
Present whereabouts unknown
Enlarge picture
Self-Portrait with sister, by Victor Borisov-Musatov 1898
Post-Impressionism is the term coined by the British artist and art critic Roger Fry in 1914, to describe the development of European art since Monet (Impressionism). John Rewald, one of the first professional art historians to focus on the birth of early modern art, limited the scope to the years between 1886 and 1892 in his pioneering publication on Post-Impressionism: From Van Gogh to Gauguin (1956): Rewald considered it to continue his History of Impressionism (1946), and pointed out that a "subsequent volume dedicated to the second half of the post-impressionist period"[1] - Post-Impressionism: From Gauguin to Matisse - was to follow, extending the period covered to other artistic movements of the late 19th and early 20th centuries — to artistic movements based on or derived from Impressionism.

Historical overview

Post-Impressionism was both an extension of Impressionism and a rejection of its limitations. Post-Impressionists continued using vivid colours, thick application of paint, distinctive brushstrokes and real-life subject matter, but they were more inclined to emphasize geometric forms, to distort form for expressive effect, and to use unnatural or arbitrary colour. The Post-Impressionists were dissatisfied with the triviality of subject matter and the loss of structure in Impressionist paintings, though they did not agree on the way forward. Georges Seurat and his followers concerned themselves with Pointillism, the systematic use of tiny dots of colour. Paul Cézanne set out to restore a sense of order and structure to painting. He achieved this by reducing objects to their basic shapes while retaining the bright fresh colours of Impressionism. Vincent Van Gogh used colour and vibrant swirling brush strokes to convey his feelings and his state of mind. Although they often exhibited together, they were not a cohesive movement. They worked in geographically disparate regions and in various stylistic categories, such as Fauvism and Cubism. Post-Impressionism is very important in France's artistic history.

Defining "Post-Impressionism"

John Rewald focused on outstanding early "Post-Impressionists": on Van Gogh, Gauguin, Seurat, Redon, and their relations as well as the artistic circles they frequented (or they were opposing to): Furthermore, in his introduction to "Post-Impressionism", Rewald opted for a second volume featuring Toulouse-Lautrec, Henri Rousseau "le Douanier", les Nabis and Cézanne as well as the Fauves, the young Picasso and Gauguin's last trip to the South-Sea; it was to expand the period covered at least into the first decade of the 20th century - yet this second volume remained unfinished.

Reviews and adjustments

Rewald's approach to historical data was narrative rather than analytic, and beyond this point he believed it would be sufficient to "let the sources speak for themselves."[2] Rewald frankly admitted that "the term 'Post-Impressionism' is not a very precise one, though a very convenient one." Convenient, as it is by definition limited to French visual arts derived from Impressionism since 1886.

Rivaling terms like Modernism or Symbolism were never as easy to handle, for they covered literature, architecture and other arts as well, and they expanded to other countries. To meet the recent discussion, the connotations of the term Postimpressionism were challenged again: Alan Bowness and his collaborators expanded the period covered to 1914, but limited their wide approach on the 1890s to France. Other European countries are pushed back to standard connotations, and Eastern Europe is completely excluded.

So, while it seems reasonable to see a split between classical Impressionism and Post-Impressionism in 1886, the end and the extend of Post-Impressionism remains under discussion.

For Rewald, Cubism was an absolutely fresh start, and so Cubism has been seen since the beginning.

Examples of Post-Impressionist paintings


Paul Cézanne (1839-1906)

Odilon Redon (1840-1916)

Paul Gauguin (1848-1903)

Vincent van Gogh (1853-1890)

Georges Seurat (1859-1891)

Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec (1864-1901)

Paul Sérusier (1864-1927)


Notes

1. ^ John Rewald 1978, p. 9
2. ^ John Rewald, p. 9

References

External links

  •  • [ e] Western art movements
Renaissance Mannerism Baroque Rococo Neoclassicism Romanticism Realism Pre-Raphaelite Academic Impressionism Post-Impressionism
20th century
Modernism Cubism Expressionism Abstract expressionism Abstract Neue Knstlervereinigung Mnchen Der Blaue Reiter Die Brcke Dada Fauvism Art Nouveau Bauhaus De Stijl Art Deco Pop art Futurism Suprematism Surrealism Color Field Minimalism Lyrical Abstraction Post-Modernism Conceptual art
Henri Julien Félix Rousseau (May 21, 1844 – September 2, 1910) was a French Post-Impressionist painter in the Naive or Primitive manner. He is also known as Le Douanier (the customs officer) after his place of employment.
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Roger Eliot Fry (14 December 1866 – 9 September 1934) was an English artist and critic, and a member of the Bloomsbury group. Despite establishing his reputation as a scholar of the Old Masters, as he matured as a critic he became an advocate of more recent developments in
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Claude Oscar Monet

Birth name Claude Oscar Monet
November 14 1840(1840--)
Paris, France
November 5 1926 (aged 86)
Giverny, France
French
Painter


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Impressionism was a 19th century art movement that began as a loose association of Paris-based artists, who began exhibiting their art publicly in the 1860s. The name of the movement is derived from the title of a Claude Monet work,
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John Rewald (May 12, 1912 – 1994) was a German-born American art historian, scholar of Impressionism, Post-Impressionism, and Paul Cézanne.

Biography

He was born as Gustav Rewald at Berlin.
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For the periodical, see .
The 19th Century (also written XIX century) lasted from 1801 through 1900 in the Gregorian calendar. It is often referred to as the "1800s.
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twentieth century of the Common Era began on January 1, 1901 and ended on December 31, 2000, according to the Gregorian calendar. Some historians consider the era from about 1914 to 1991 to be the Short Twentieth Century.
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Impressionism was a 19th century art movement that began as a loose association of Paris-based artists, who began exhibiting their art publicly in the 1860s. The name of the movement is derived from the title of a Claude Monet work,
..... Click the link for more information.
Impressionism was a 19th century art movement that began as a loose association of Paris-based artists, who began exhibiting their art publicly in the 1860s. The name of the movement is derived from the title of a Claude Monet work,
..... Click the link for more information.
Georges-Pierre Seurat (December 2, 1859 – March 29,1891) was a French painter and the founder of Neo-impressionism. His large work Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte is one of the icons of 19th century painting.
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Pointillism is a style of painting in which small distinct points of primary colors create the impression of a wide selection of secondary and intermediate colors. The technique relies on the perceptive ability of the eye and mind of the viewer to mix the color spots into a fuller
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Paul Cézanne

Self portrait c. 1875
Birth name Paul Cézanne
January 19 1839(1839--)
Aix-en-Provence
September 22 1906 (aged 67)
Aix-en-Provence
French
Painting
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Vincent van Gogh

Self-portrait (1887)
Birth name Vincent Willem van Gogh
30 March 1853(1853--)
Zundert, The Netherlands
29 July 1890 (aged 37)
Auvers-sur-Oise, France
Dutch
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Les Fauves (French for The Wild Beasts) were a short-lived and loose grouping of early 20th century Modern artists whose works emphasized painterly qualities, and the imaginative use of deep color over the representational values retained by Impressionism.
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Cubism was a 20th century art movement that revolutionized European painting and sculpture, and inspired related movements in music and literature. Analytic Cubism,
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John Rewald (May 12, 1912 – 1994) was a German-born American art historian, scholar of Impressionism, Post-Impressionism, and Paul Cézanne.

Biography

He was born as Gustav Rewald at Berlin.
..... Click the link for more information.
Vincent van Gogh

Self-portrait (1887)
Birth name Vincent Willem van Gogh
30 March 1853(1853--)
Zundert, The Netherlands
29 July 1890 (aged 37)
Auvers-sur-Oise, France
Dutch
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Paul Gauguin

Birth name Eugène Henri Paul Gauguin
7 May 1848(1848--)
Paris, France
8 May 1903 (aged 56)
Atuona, Marquesas Islands, French Polynesia

painting, engraving
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Georges-Pierre Seurat (December 2, 1859 – March 29,1891) was a French painter and the founder of Neo-impressionism. His large work Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte is one of the icons of 19th century painting.
..... Click the link for more information.
Odilon Redon (April 22, 1840 – July 6, 1916) was a Symbolist painter and printmaker, born in Bordeaux, Aquitaine, France.

Redon started drawing as a young child, and at the age of 10 he was awarded a drawing prize at school.
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Neo-Impressionism is a term coined by the French art critic Félix Fénéon in 1887[1] to characterise the late-19th century art movement led by Georges Seurat and Paul Signac, who first exhibited their work in 1884 at the exhibition of the Société des Artistes
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Georges-Pierre Seurat (December 2, 1859 – March 29,1891) was a French painter and the founder of Neo-impressionism. His large work Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte is one of the icons of 19th century painting.
..... Click the link for more information.
Paul Signac (November 11, 1863 - August 15, 1935) was a French neo-impressionist painter who, working with Georges Seurat, helped develop the pointillist style.

Biography

Paul Victor Jules Signac
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Chromoluminarism is a technique used by Neo-Impressionists such as Georges Seurat (1859-1891). It is also called Divisionism.

The technique involves breaking color into its basic elements, painting in very small and regular dots.
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"Cloisonnism" is a style of post-Impressionist painting with bold forms separated by dark contours. The term was coined by critic Edouard Dujardin. Artists Émile Bernard, Paul Gauguin, and others started painting in this style in the late 19th century.
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Édouard Dujardin (1861–1949) was a French writer, one of the early pioneers of the literary technique stream of consciousness, exemplified in his 1888 novel Les lauriers sont coupés (which remains in print into the 21st century).
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Louis Anquetin (January 26 1861 - August 19 1932) was a French painter.

Anquetin was born in Etrepagny, France. In 1882, he came to Paris and began studying art at Léon Bonnat's studio, where he met Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec.
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Émile Bernard (April 28, 1868 – April 16, 1941), born in Lille, France, was a Post-Impressionist painter who maintained close relations to Van Gogh and Gauguin. Most of his notable work was accomplished at a young age.
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Synthetism is a term used by post-Impressionist artists like Paul Gauguin, Émile Bernard and Louis Anquetin to distinguish their work from Impressionism. Earlier, Synthetism has been connected to the term Cloisonnism, and later to Symbolism.
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The Exhibition at the Café Volpini in summer 1889 was arranged by Paul Gauguin and his circle, on the walls of a café just outside the gates of the Exposition universelle, and run by a certain Monsieur Volpini.
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