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Pre-socratic Philosophy

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History of Western philosophy
Pre-Socratic philosophy
Ancient philosophy
Medieval philosophy
Renaissance philosophy
17th century philosophy
18th-century philosophy
19th century philosophy
20th century philosophy
Postmodern philosophy
Contemporary philosophy
See also:
Eastern philosophy
Indian philosophy
Iranian philosophy
Chinese philosophy
Korean philosophy
Christian philosophy
Islamic philosophy
Jewish philosophy
The Pre-Socratic Greek philosophers were active before Socrates or contemporaneously, but expounding knowledge developed earlier. The popularity of the term originates with Hermann Diels' work Die Fragmente der Vorsokratiker (The Fragments of the Pre-Socratics, 1903).[1]

It is sometimes difficult to determine the actual line of argument some pre-Socratics used in supporting their particular views. While most of them produced significant texts, none of the texts have survived in complete form. All we have are quotations by later philosophers and historians, and the occasional textual fragment.

The pre-Socratic philosophers rejected traditional mythological explanations for the phenomena they saw around them in favor of more rational explanations. Many of them asked: Others concentrated on defining problems and paradoxes that became the basis for later mathematical, scientific and philosophic study. Of course, the cosmologies proposed by the early Greek philosophers have been updated by views based on modern science. Later philosophers rejected many of the answers they provided, but continued to place importance on their questions.

List of philosophers and schools

The traditional cursus of pre-socratic philosophers and movements (there are minor variations) is shown below:
Enlarge picture
Graphical relationship among the various pre-socratic philosophers and thinkers; red arrows indicate a relationship of opposition.
Thales (624-546 BC)
Anaximander (610-546 BC)
Anaximenes of Miletus (585-525 BC)
Pythagoras (582-496 BC)
Philolaus (470-380 BC)
Alcmaeon of Croton
Archytas (428-347 BC)
Xenophanes (570-470 BC)
Parmenides (510-440 BC)
Zeno of Elea (490-430 BC)
Melissus of Samos (C.470 BC-Unknown)
Empedocles (490-430 BC)
Anaxagoras (500-428 BC)
Leucippus (5th century BC, dates unknown)
Democritus (460-370 BC)
Protagoras (481-420 BC)
Gorgias (483-375 BC)
Thrasymachus
Callicles
Critias
Prodicus (465-390 BC)
Hippias (485-415 BC)
Antiphon (person) (480-411 BC)
Lycophron
Anonymous Iamblichi

Other groupings

This list includes several men, particularly the Seven Sages, who appear to have been practical politicians and sources of epigrammatic wisdom, rather than speculative thinkers or philosophers in the modern sense.
Solon (c. 594 BC)
Chilon of Sparta (c. 560 BC)
Thales (c. 585 BC)
Bias of Priene (c. 570 BC)
Cleobulus of Rhodes (c. 600 BC)
Pittacus of Mitylene (c. 600 BC)
Periander (625-585 BC)

Notes

1. ^ The term "Pre-Sokratic", however, had been in use as early as George Grote's Plato and the Other Companions of Sokrates (1865).

See also

References

External links

 •  • [ e]
Pre-Socratic philosophers
Milesian School: Thales • Anaximander • Anaximenes of Miletus
Pythagoreans: Pythagoras • Philolaus • Alcmaeon • Archytas • Timaeus
Ephesian School: Heraclitus — Eleatic School: Xenophanes • Parmenides • Zeno of Elea • Melissus of Samos
Pluralist School: Anaxagoras • Empedocles — Atomist School: Leucippus • Democritus
Sophism: Protagoras • Gorgias • Prodicus • Hippias
Diogenes of Apollonia • Pherecydes
For the book by Bertrand Russell, see History of Western Philosophy


Western philosophy has a long history, which is conventionally divided into three general eras: the Ancient, Medieval and Modern.
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17th century philosophy in the West is generally regarded as seeing the start of modern philosophy, and the shaking off of the medieval approach, especially scholasticism.
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The Enlightenment (French: Siècle des Lumières; German: Aufklärung; Italian: Illuminismo; Portuguese:
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19th-century philosophy.

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Main article: German idealism
One of the first philosophers to attempt to grapple with Kant's philosophy was Johann Gottlieb Fichte, whose development of Kantian metaphysics
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20th-century philosophy was set for a series of attempts variously to reform, preserve, alter, abolish, previously conceived limits.

New studies in philosophy of science, philosophy of mathematics, and epistemology furthered seemingly antagonistic tendencies in accounting
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Postmodern philosophy is an eclectic and elusive trend of thought. Beginning as a critique of Continental philosophy, it was heavily influenced by phenomenology, structuralism and existentialism, including writings of both Søren Kierkegaard and Martin Heidegger.
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Contemporary philosophy in the Western world, for the sake of brevity and for the purposes of this article, is defined as themes and projects in philosophy conducted within the last four decades.
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The term Indian philosophy (Sankrit: Darshanas), may refer to any of several traditions of philosophical thought that originated in the Indian subcontinent, including Hindu philosophy, Buddhist philosophy, and Jain philosophy.
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Iranian philosophy or Persian philosophy can be traced back as far as to Old Iranian philosophical traditions and thoughts which originated in ancient Indo-Iranian roots and were considerably influenced by Zarathustra's teachings.
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Chinese philosophy was philosophy written in the Chinese tradition of thought. Chinese philosophy has a history of several thousand years; its origins are often traced back to the Yi Jing (the Book of Changes
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Korean philosophy focused on a totality of world view. The emotional content of shamanism, and the unpredictable, as represented by the Chinese method of casting the I Ching, were both integrated into it.
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Jewish philosophy refers to the conjunction between serious study of philosophy and Jewish theology.

Ancient Jewish philosophy

Philo of Alexandria

Philo of Alexandria (20 BCE - 40 CE) was a Hellenized Jewish philosopher born in Alexandria, Egypt.
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The term ancient Greece refers to the periods of Greek history in Classical Antiquity, lasting ca. 750 BC[1] (the archaic period) to 146 BC (the Roman conquest). It is generally considered to be the seminal culture which provided the foundation of Western Civilization.
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Philosophy is the discipline concerned with questions of how one should live (ethics); what sorts of things exist and what are their essential natures (metaphysics); what counts as genuine knowledge (epistemology); and what are the correct principles of reasoning (logic).
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SOCRATES is the European Community action programme in the field of education. The second phase of the programme covers the period January 1 2000 to December 31 2006. It draws on the experiences of the first phase (1995-1999) building on the successful aspects of the programme,
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Hermann Alexander Diels
Born May 18, 1848

Died May 4 1922 (aged 74)

Citizenship  German Empire
Field Classics
Alma mater University of Bonn
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Cosmology, from the Greek: κοσμολογία (cosmologia, κόσμος (cosmos) order + λογος (logos) word, reason, plan) is the quantitative (usually mathematical) study of the Universe in
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Philosophy is the discipline concerned with questions of how one should live (ethics); what sorts of things exist and what are their essential natures (metaphysics); what counts as genuine knowledge (epistemology); and what are the correct principles of reasoning (logic).
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The Milesian school was a school of thought founded in the 6th Century BC. The ideas associated with it are exemplified by three philosophers from the Ionian town of Miletus, on the Aegean coast of Anatolia: Thales, Anaximander, and Anaximenes.
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Thales of Miletos (Θαλῆς ὁ Μιλήσιος, ca. 624 BC–ca. 546 BC), was a pre-Socratic Milesian[] philosopher and one of the Seven Sages of Greece.
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Anaximander (Ancient Greek: Ἀναξίμανδρος) (c. 610 BC–c. 546 BC) was a pre-Socratic philosopher who lived in Miletus, a city of Ionia.
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Anaximenes (Greek: Άναξιμένης) of Miletus (c. 585 BC–c. 525 BC) was a Greek philosopher from the latter half of the 6th century, probably a younger contemporary of Anaximander, whose pupil or friend he is said to have
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Pythagoreanism is a term used for the esoteric and metaphysical beliefs held by Pythagoras and his followers, the Pythagoreans, who were much influenced by mathematics and probably a main inspirational source for Plato and platonism.
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Pythagoras of Samos (Greek: Πυθαγόρας; between 580 and 572 BC–between 500 and 490 BC) was an Ionian (Greek) philosopher[1]
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