Punch was a British weekly magazine of humour and satire published from 1841 to 1992 and from 1996 to 2002.

History

Punch was founded in July 17 1841 by Henry Mayhew and engraver Ebenezer Landells. At its founding it was jointly edited by Mayhew and Mark Lemon. Initially it was subtitled The London Charivari, this being a reference to a satirical humour magazine published in France under the title Le Charivari. Reflecting their satiric and humorous intent, the two editors took for their name and masthead the anarchic glove puppet, Mr. Punch; the name also referred to a joke made early on about one of the magazine's first editors, Lemon, that "punch is nothing without lemon." Mayhew ceased to be joint editor in 1842 and became 'suggestor in chief' until he severed his connection in 1845. Punch was responsible for the modern use of the word 'cartoon' to refer to a comic drawing. The illustrator Archibald Henning designed the cover of the magazine's first issues. The cover design varied in the early years, though Richard Doyle designed what became the magazine's masthead in 1849. In the 1860s and 1870s, conservative Punch faced competition from upstart liberal journal Fun, but after about 1874, Fun's fortunes faded. At Evans's café in London, the two journals had 'Round tables' in competition with each other.^[1]

After months of financial difficulty and a relative lack of initial market success, Punch became a staple for British drawing rooms because of its sophisticated humor and absence of offensive material, especially when viewed against the satirical press of the time. The Times used small pieces from Punch as column fillers, giving the magazine free publicity and indirectly granting a degree of respectability, a privilege not enjoyed by any other comic publication. Punch would share a friendly relationship with not only The Times but also journals aimed at intellectual audiences such as the Westminster Review, which published a fifty-three page illustrated article on Punch's first two volumes. Historian Richard Altick writes that "To judge from the number of references to it in the private letters and memoirs of the 1840s...Punch had become a household word within a year or two of its founding, beginning in the middle class and soon reaching the pinnacle of society, royalty itself."^[2] Increasing in readership and popularity throughout the remainder of the 1840s and 1850s, Punch was the success story of a threepenny weekly paper that had become one of the most talked-about and enjoyed periodicals of its time. Punch enjoyed an audience on both sides of the Atlantic, including: Elizabeth Barrett, Robert Browning, Thomas Carlyle, Edward Fitzgerald, Charlotte Brontë, Queen Victoria, Prince Albert, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Emily Dickinson, Herman Melville, Henry Longfellow, and James Russell Lowell.

The magazine made a contribution to the English Language with the "Curate's egg" cartoon of 1895.

Circulation peaked during the 1940s when it reached 175,000, but slowly declined over the years, until the magazine was forced to close in 1992 after 150 years of publication.

Gallery of selected early covers

The first cover shows Punch hanging the Devil	1843 July 1 cover shows Punch straddling a trumpeter	Punch magazine cover from 1867 shows Richard Doyle's 1849 illustration	1916 April 26 cover shows Richard Doyle's masthead with colour and advertisements

1996 resurrection

In early 1996, the Egyptian businessman Mohamed Fayed bought the rights to the name, and it was re-launched later that year. It was reported that the magazine was intended to be a spoiler aimed at Private Eye, which had published many items critical of Fayed and showing him in a bad light. The magazine never became profitable in its new incarnation, and at the end of May 2002, it was announced that Punch would once more cease publication. Press reports at the time quoted a total loss to its owner of some £16 million (about $28 million U.S.) over the six years of publication, with only 6,000 subscribers at the end.

Whereas the earlier version of Punch had prominently featured the clownish character Punchinello (a.k.a. Punch of Punch and Judy) performing various antics on each issue's front cover (in a manner later copied by Mad magazine's character Alfred E. Neuman), the resurrected Punch magazine did not use this character at all, but prominently featured on its weekly covers a photograph of a boxing glove ... thus informing its (very few) readers that the new magazine intended its name to mean "Punch" in the sense of a punch in the eye.

In 2004, much of the archive, including the famous Punch table, was sold to the British Library.

Contributors

Editors of Punch were:

• Mark Lemon (1841-1870)
• Henry Mayhew (1841-1842)
• Charles William Shirley Brooks (1870-1874)
• Tom Taylor (1874-1880)
• Sir Francis Burnand (1880-1906)
• Sir Owen Seaman (1906-1932)
• E.V. Knox (1932-1949)
• Kenneth Bird (1949-1952)
• Malcolm Muggeridge (1953-1957)
• Bernard Hollowood (1958-1968)
• William Davis (1969-1977)
• Alan Coren (1978-1987)
• David Taylor (1988)
• David Thomas (1989-1992)
• Peter McKay (September 1996-1997)
• Paul Spike (1997)
• James Steen (1997-2001)
• Richard Brass (2001-2002)

Cartoonists who worked for the magazine incl Richard Doyle, John Leech,Charles Keene,John Tenniel, Edward Linley Sambourne, George du Maurier, Bernard Partridge, Phil May, Arthur Rackham, William Sillince, E. H. Shepard, Rowland Emett, Graham Laidler (Pont), Norman Thelwell, Leslie Illingworth, Arthur Watts, Kenneth Bird (Fougasse), Robert Sherriffs, Nicolas Bentley, George Sprod, Antonia Yeoman (Anton), Edward Ardizzone, Michael ffolkes, Russell Brockbank, Ronald Searle, J.B. Handelsman, Gerald Scarfe, Wally Fawkes (Trog), David Langdon, Alex Graham (creator of Fred Basset), John Jensen, Quentin Blake, Murray Ball, Matt Pritchett, David Myers.

Notable authors who contributed at one time or another include Kingsley Amis, Alex Atkinson, John Betjeman, Willard R. Espy, A. P. Herbert, Thomas Hood, Douglas William Jerrold (1841-1857), James Leavey, [George du Maurier]], John McCrae, A. A. Milne, Anthony Powell, W. C. Sellar and R. J. Yeatman, Thackeray, Sir Henry Lucy, Artemus Ward,Somerset Maugham, P.G. Wodehouse, Keith Waterhouse, Quentin Crisp, Olivia Manning, Sylvia Plath, Joyce Grenfell, E. M. Delafield, Stevie Smith, Virginia Graham, Joan Bakewell, Penelope Fitzgerald, Dominic Midgley, Jon Paul Morgan, Pete Sawyer.

Trivia

• Punch gave several phrases to the English language, including the "Curate's egg" and The Crystal Palace
• Several British humour classics were first serialised in Punch, such as the Diary of a Nobody and 1066 and All That.
• The magazine's archive and other memorabilia associated with the magazine was acquired by the British Library in March 2004.
• Cartoons from Punch magazine are commonly used in GCSE History examinations to reflect the conservative views of the middle class.
• Cartoons from Punch magazine are commonly used in Scottish Standard Grade and Higher History examinations to illustrate British attitudes to foreign and domestic issues
• Cartoons from Punch magazine are commonly used in Irish Leaving Cert History examinations to reflect conservative and Anti-Irish views.
• Until 23 September 2006 Harrods had a Punch themed cafe.
• Punch is also the brand of a coffee sold in Fortnum and Mason of Piccadilly, London.

Notes

External links

• Punch cartoon library, including a history of the magazine
• Gallery of Punch cartoons at Punchcartoons.com
• from Project Gutenberg
• Works by "Mr. Punch" at Project Gutenberg
• Mr Punch at the British Library, an article from the British Library website
• John Leech Sketch archives from Punch, a fan's website with more than 600 of Leech's sketches
• Punch magazine to fold, a May 2002 BBC article
• The History of "Punch" by M. H. Spielann, 1895, from Live Search Books