S. L. Wong (phonetic symbols)
Information about S. L. Wong (phonetic symbols)
- For Cantonese romanisation scheme derived by S. L. Wong, see S. L. Wong (romanisation).
| Chinese romanization |
|---|
| Mandarin for Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin (ISO official) EFEO Gwoyeu Romatzyh Spelling conventions Latinxua Sin Wenz Mandarin Phonetic Symbols II Chinese Postal Map Romanization Tongyong Pinyin Wade-Giles Yale Legge romanization Simplified Wade Comparison chart |
| Cantonese for Standard Cantonese Guangdong Romanization Hong Kong Government Jyutping Meyer-Wempe Sidney Lau S. L. Wong (phonetic symbols) S. L. Wong (romanisation) Standard Cantonese Pinyin Standard Romanization Yale |
| Wu Long-short (romanization) |
| Min Nan for Taiwanese, Xiamen, and related Pe̍h-oē-jī For Hainanese Hainanhua Pinyin Fang'an For Teochew Peng'im |
| Min Dong for Fuzhou dialect Foochow Romanized |
| Hakka for Moiyan dialect Kejiahua Pinyin Fang'an For Siyen dialect Phak-fa-sṳ |
| See also: General Chinese (Chao Yuenren) Cyrillization Xiao'erjing Zhuyin Romanisation in Singapore |
Other than the phonemic transcription system, Wong also derived a romanisation scheme published in the same book. See S. L. Wong (romanisation).
History
Before devising the system, Wong studied many phonetic transcription and romanisation system, including Eitel's and other earlier schemes, for Cantonese. He found that many of them are not accurate enough for use. He researched in Standard Cantonese and published his results in the book in 1938.Use
The system, with minor variations, has been adopted by some other Hong Kong Chinese dictionaries including 中文字典, namely Chinese Dictionary by 喬蜆農 (Kiu Yin Nung), 中華新字典, namely Chung Hwa New Dictionary and 商務新字典, namely Commercial Press New Dictionary. Hong Kong Education and Manpower Bureau formulate Standard Cantonese Pinyin romanisation based on the system.In Chinese phonological studies, other systems more phonetic in character are collectively referred to as the narrow transcription (i.e., phonetic transcription) even though they are not necessarily exact phonetic transcription systems. It should be noted that the various narrow transcriptions by different scholars are not identical due to the scholars’ differing analyses of the Cantonese phonemes (for example, the /ts/ phoneme might be analyzed as /tʃ/).
For convenience purposes, in the rest of this article, when the broad system is mentioned it refers to S. L. Wong’s system; when narrow is mentioned, it refers to a representative narrow system but does not imply that all narrow systems are as described.
Phonology
Cantonese like other Chinese languages is monosyllabic. Each syllabus is divided into initial (consonant), final (vowel and following consonant) and tone.Finals
Chinese phonology traditionally stresses on finals because it is related to rhymes in the composition of poems, proses and articles. There are 53 finals in Standard Cantonese.Except /aː/ and /ɐ/, long and short vowels in Standard Cantonese have complementary distributions and therefore do not function contrastively. Thus, /i/ and /ɪ/ can be considered the same phoneme /i/; the same can be said of /u/ and /ʊ/ (representing the same phoneme /u/), and /œ/ and /ɵ/ (also written /œ̝/) (representing the same phoneme /œ/). The long vowel symbol "ː" can also be omitted since these allophonic long and short vowels have different points of articulation in modern Standard Cantonese.
Vowels
The 10 basic vowel phonemes are: /a/, /ɐ/, /ei/, /ɛ/, /i/, /ou/, /ɔ/, /œ/, /u/ and /y/ as shown in the following table:| Front | N.-front | Central | N.-back | Back | ||
| Close | ){kind=spacer}
| |||||
| Near-close | ||||||
| Close-mid | ||||||
| Mid | ||||||
| Open-mid | ||||||
| Near-open | ||||||
| Open | ||||||
- For the long Close-mid front unrounded vowel /e/, <ei> is used instead of <eː> in IPA.
- For the long Close-mid back rounded vowel /o/, <ou> is used instead of <oː> in IPA.
- /ɐ/ must be followed by vowels /i/, /u/ or finals /m/, /n/, /ŋ/, /p/, /t/, /k/.
- The use of a more phonetic (i.e., narrow) transcription for vowels, for example distinguishing between /i/ and /ɪ/. When adopting a phonetic transcription for vowels, the symbol /ɵ/ is often replaced by the symbol /ø/.
Falling diphthong finals
All vowel phonemes except /ɐ/ form vowel 9 finals themselves.Some vowel phonemes can followed by vowel phonemes /i/, /u/ or /y/ to form 8 falling diphthong finals:
| /a/ | /ɐ/ | /ei/ | /ɛ/ | /i/ | /ou/ | /ɔ/ | /œ/ | /u/ | /y/ | |
| - | /a/ | /ei/ | /ɛ/ | /i/ | /ou/ | /ɔ/ | /œ/ | /u/ | /y/ | |
| /i/ | /ai/ | /ɐi/ | /ɔi/ | /ui/ | ||||||
| /u/ | /au/ | /ɐu/ | /iu/ | |||||||
| /y/ | /œy/ |
Nasal phoneme finals
Some vowel phonemes can followed by nasal consonants /m/, /n/ or /ŋ/ to form 17 nasal phoneme finals:| /a/ | /ɐ/ | /ei/ | /ɛ/ | /i/ | /ou/ | /ɔ/ | /œ/ | /u/ | /y/ | |
| /m/ | /am/ | /ɐm/ | /im/ | |||||||
| /n/ | /an/ | /ɐn/ | /in/ | /ɔn/ | /œn/ | /un/ | /yn/ | |||
| /ŋ/ | /aŋ/ | /ɐŋ/ | /ɛŋ/ | /iŋ/ | /ɔŋ/ | /œŋ/ | /uŋ/ |
Plosive phoneme finals
Some vowel phonemes can followed by unaspirated plosive consonants /p/, /t/ or /k/ to form 20 stop phoneme finals:| /a/ | /ɐ/ | /ei/ | /ɛ/ | /i/ | /ou/ | /ɔ/ | /œ/ | /u/ | /y/ | |
| /p/ | /ap/ | /ɐp/ | /ip/ | |||||||
| /t/ | /at/ | /ɐt/ | /it/ | /ɔt/ | /œt/ | /ut/ | /yt/ | |||
| /k/ | /ak/ | /ɐk/ | /ɛk/ | /ik/ | /ɔk/ | /œk/ | /uk/ |
Syllabic nasal finals
Syllabic /m/ and /ŋ/ are also two finals in Cantonese: /m̩/ and /ŋ̩/.Summary
Here are the 53 finals in a table:| ending | Principal vowels | fully voiced nasal consonant | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| /a/ | /ɐ/ | /ei/ | /ɛ/ | /i/ | /ou/ | /ɔ/ | /œ/ | /u/ | /y/ | /m̩/ | /ŋ̩/ | ||
| independent vowel final | /a/ 呀 | /ei/ 欺 | /ɛ/ 些[1] | /i/ 衣[2] | /ou/ 澳 | /ɔ/ 痾 | /œ/ 靴[1] | /u/ 烏[3] | /y/ 於[4] | /m̩/ 唔 | /ŋ̩/ ? | ||
| vowel | /i/ | /ai/ 唉 | /ɐi/ 翳 | /ɔi/ 哀 | /ui/ 回[3] | ||||||||
| /u/ | /au/ 拗 | /ɐu/ 歐 | /iu/ 夭[2] | ||||||||||
| /y/ | /œy/ 居[1] | ||||||||||||
| nasal consonant | /m/ | /am/ 菡 | /ɐm/ 庵[1] | /im/ 淹[2] | |||||||||
| /n/ | /an/ 晏 | /ɐn/ 根[1] | /in/ 烟[2] | /ɔn/ 安 | /œn/ 津[1] | /un/ 豌[3] | /yn/ 鴛[4] | ||||||
| /ŋ/ | /aŋ/ 罃 | /ɐŋ/ 鶯 | /ɛŋ/ 廰[1] | /iŋ/ 英[2] | /ɔŋ/ 盎 | /œŋ/ 香[1] | /uŋ/ 甕 | ||||||
| plosive consonant | /p/ | /ap/ 鴨 | /ɐp/ 粒[1] | /ip/ 葉[2] | |||||||||
| /t/ | /at/ 壓 | /ɐt/ 不[1] | /it/ 熱[2] | /ɔt/ 喝 | /œt/ 卒[1] | /ut/ 活[3] | /yt/ 月[4] | ||||||
| /k/ | /ak/ 鈪 | /ɐk/ 厄 | /ɛk/ 隻[1] | /ik/ 益[2] | /ɔk/ 惡 | /œk/ 腳[1] | /uk/ 屋 | ||||||
- ^ Character example with initial. No character with exact pronunciation.
- ^ Character example with initial [j]. In absent of initial, /i/ pronounced with [j] becomes [ji], /iu/ becomes [jiu], /im/ becomes [jim], /ip/ becomes [jip], and so forth.
- ^ Character example with initial [w]. In absent of initial, /u/ pronounced with [w] becomes [wu], /ui/ becomes [wui], /un/ becomes [wun], /ut/ becomes (none)
..... Click the link for more information.
The romanization of Chinese is the use of the Latin alphabet to write Chinese. Chinese has been written in Chinese characters since about 1500 B.C. Chinese characters do not represent phonemes directly.
There are many uses for Chinese romanization systems.
..... Click the link for more information.
There are many uses for Chinese romanization systems.
..... Click the link for more information.
This page contains Chinese text.
Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Chinese characters.
Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Chinese characters.
Mandarin
官話 Guānhuà
Spoken in: People's Republic of China
..... Click the link for more information.
This page contains Chinese text.
Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Chinese characters.
Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Chinese characters.
Standard Mandarin, also known as Modern Standard Chinese
..... Click the link for more information.
- **
..... Click the link for more information.
Gwoyeu Romatzyh (literally "National [Language] Romanization"),[1] abbreviated GR, is a system for writing Mandarin Chinese in the Latin alphabet. The system was conceived by Y.R.
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
The spelling of Gwoyeu Romatzyh (GR) can be divided into its treatment of initials, finals and tones. GR uses contrasting unvoiced/voiced pairs of consonants to represent aspirated and unaspirated initials in Chinese: for example b and p
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
Latinxua Sin Wenz (Chinese: 拉丁化新文字; Pinyin: Lādīnghuà Xīn Wénzì; also known as Sin Wenz, Latinxua Sinwenz,
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
Mandarin Phonetic Symbols II (國語注音符號第二式), abbreviated MPS II, is a romanization system formerly used in the Republic of China (Taiwan).
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
Chinese Postal Map Romanization (Traditional Chinese: 郵政式拼音; Pinyin: Yóuzhèngshì Pīnyīn) refers to the system of romanization for Chinese place names which came into use in the late Qing dynasty and was officially sanctioned by
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
Tongyong Pinyin (Chinese: 通用拼音; Pinyin: Tōngyòng pīnyīn
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
Legge romanization is a transcription system for Mandarin Chinese, used by the prolific 19th century sinologist James Legge. It was replaced by the Wade-Giles system, which itself has been mostly supplanted by Pinyin.
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
Simplified Wade is a modification of the Wade-Giles romanization system for writing Mandarin Chinese. It was devised by the Swedish linguist Olov Bertil Anderson, who first published the system in 1970.
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
romanizations of Standard Mandarin. This table includes a list of all syllables which are considered phonemically distinguishable within the language.
Note that Zhuyin has been included.
..... Click the link for more information.
Note that Zhuyin has been included.
..... Click the link for more information.
Cantonese or Yue (粵語) is a major Chinese dialect group or language, a member of the Sino-Tibetan family of languages. The exact number of Cantonese speakers is unknown due to a lack of statistics and census data.
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
Standard Cantonese is a variant of Cantonese Chinese, generally considered to be the prestige dialect. It is spoken natively in and around the cities of Guangzhou, Hong Kong, and Macau in Southern China by 100 million people.
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
Guangdong Romanization refers to the four romanization schemes published by the Guangdong Provincial Education Department in 1960 for transliterating the Standard Cantonese, Teochew, Hakka, and Hainanese spoken varieties of Chinese.
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
The Hong Kong Government Cantonese Romanisation (not an official name) is the more or less consistent way for romanising Cantonese proper nouns employed by the Hong Kong Government departments and many non-governmental organisations in Hong Kong.
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
This page contains Chinese text.
Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Chinese characters.
Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Chinese characters.
Jyutping (sometimes spelled Jyutpin
..... Click the link for more information.
The Meyer-Wempe romanization system was developed by two Catholic missionaries in Hong Kong, Bernhard F. Meyer and Theodore F. Wempe, during the 1920s and 1930s for romanizing Standard Cantonese.
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
Sidney Lau is a system of romanisation for Standard Cantonese, developed by Sidney Lau for teaching Cantonese. It was developed for use in Cantonese radio, and is essentially an adaptation of the Meyer-Wempe romanisation.
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
Standard Cantonese Pinyin (Traditional Chinese: formal name 《常用字廣州話讀音表》拼音方案; short form
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
Standard Romanization is a romanization system for Standard Cantonese developed by Christian missionaries in South China in 1888. Publications in Standard Romanization have been issued by the British and Foreign Bible Society, the China Baptist Publication Society, and the Pakhoi
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
Wu (Chinese: 吴方言; Pinyin: Wú fāngyán; Chinese: 吴语; Pinyin: Wú yǔ
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject.
Please help recruit one or [ improve this article] yourself. See the talk page for details.
..... Click the link for more information.
Please help recruit one or [ improve this article] yourself. See the talk page for details.
..... Click the link for more information.
Min Nan, Minnan, or Min-nan (Simplified Chinese: ; Traditional Chinese: 閩南語; Pinyin: Mǐnnányǔ
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
Taiwanese}}}
Writing system: Latin (pe̍h-ōe-jī), Han
Official status
Official language of: None (legislative bills have been proposed for it to be one of the national languages in the Republic of China); one of the statutory languages for public
..... Click the link for more information.
Writing system: Latin (pe̍h-ōe-jī), Han
Official status
Official language of: None (legislative bills have been proposed for it to be one of the national languages in the Republic of China); one of the statutory languages for public
..... Click the link for more information.
Xiamen is a coastal sub-provincial city in southeastern Fujian province, People's Republic of China. It looks out to the Taiwan Strait and borders the cities of Quanzhou and Zhangzhou to the north and south respectively.
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
This article is copied from an article on Wikipedia.org - the free encyclopedia created and edited by online user community. The text was not checked or edited by anyone on our staff. Although the vast majority of the wikipedia encyclopedia articles provide accurate and timely information please do not assume the accuracy of any particular article. This article is distributed under the terms of GNU Free Documentation License.