Saint Catherine Area*
UNESCO World Heritage Site
St. Catherine's monastery
State Party	Egypt
Type	Cultural
Criteria	i, iii, iv, vi
Reference	954
Region	Arab States
Inscription History
Inscription	2002  (26th Session)
* Name as inscribed on World Heritage List. † Region as classified by UNESCO.

Saint Catherine's Monastery (Greek: Μονὴ τῆς Ἁγίας Αἰκατερίνης) on the Sinai Peninsula, at the mouth of an inaccessible gorge at the foot of Mount Sinai in Egypt is one of the oldest continuously functioning Christian monasteries in the world. The monastery is Greek Orthodox and is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

History

The oldest record of monastic life at Sinai comes from the travel journal written in Latin by a woman named Egeria. She visited many places around the Holy Land and Mount Sinai, where, according to the Hebrew Bible, Moses received the Ten Commandments from God.^[1]

The monastery was built by order of Emperor Justinian I between 527 and 565, enclosing the Chapel of the Burning Bush ordered to be built by Helena, the mother of Constantine I, at the site where Moses is supposed to have seen the burning bush; the living bush on the grounds is purportedly the original. The site is sacred to the three major Abrahamic religions: Judaism, Christianity, and Islam.

Though it is commonly known as Saint Catherine's, the full, official name of the monastery is, The Sacred and Imperial Monastery of the God-Trodden Mount of Sinai, and the patronal feast of the monastery is the Transfiguration. The site was associated with St. Catherine of Alexandria (whose relics were purported to have been miraculously transported there by angels) and it became a favorite site of pilgrimage.

Catherine of Alexandria was a Christian martyr initially sentenced to death on the wheel. However, when this failed to kill her, she was beheaded. According to tradition, angels took her remains to Mount Sinai. Around the year 800, monks from the Sinai Monastery found her remains. At this time Egypt was a Muslim country so this Christian monastery in the enormous mountain passes of Sinai could use an Egyptian saint from the Early Church.

According to the Charter of Privileges, a document in the possession of the monastery purportedly signed by Muhammed himself, Muhammed gave his protection to the monastery after it granted, at some point, political asylum to Muhammed from his enemies. For this reason, and because a Fatimid mosque was built within the walls of the monastery, the monastery survived Islamic dominance of the region over many centuries. The mosque is sealed and has never been used, since it is oriented incorrectly with Mecca.

During the seventh century, the isolated Christian anchorites of the Sinai were eliminated: only the fortified monastery remained. The monastery is still surrounded by the massive fortifications that have preserved it. Until the twentieth century, access was through a door high in the outer walls. From the time of the First Crusade, the presence of Crusaders in the Sinai until 1270 spurred the interest of European Christians and increased the number of intrepid pilgrims who visited the monastery. The monastery was supported by its dependencies in Egypt, Palestine, Syria, Crete, Cyprus and Constantinople.

About the monastery

The monastery library preserves the second largest collection of early codices and manuscripts in the world, outnumbered only by the Vatican Library. Its strength lies in Greek, Coptic, Arabic, Armenian, Hebrew, and Syriac texts. The famous Codex Sinaiticus, now in the British Museum, left the monastery in the 19th century for Russia, in circumstances that are now disputed.^[2] The complex houses irreplaceable works of art: mosaics, the best collection of early icons in the world, many in encaustic, as well as liturgical objects, chalices and reliquaries, and church buildings. The large icon collection begins with a few dating to the 5th (possibly) and 6th centuries, which are unique survivals, the monastery having been untouched by Byzantine iconoclasm, and never sacked. The oldest icon on an Old Testament theme is also preserved there. A project to catalogue the collections has been ongoing since the 1960s.

The monastery along with several dependencies in the area constitute the entire Orthodox Church of Mount Sinai, headed by an archbishop, who is also the abbot of the monastery. The exact status of the church within Eastern Orthodoxy is ambiguous; by some, including the church itself, ^[3] it is considered autocephalous,^{[4] [5]} by others an autonomous church under the jurisdiction of the Greek Orthodox Church of Jerusalem.^[6] The archbishop is traditionally consecrated by the Orthodox Patriarch of Jerusalem; in recent centuries he has usually resided in Cairo. During the period of the Crusades, marked by bitterness between the Orthodox and Catholic churches, the monastery was patronised by both the Byzantine Emperors and the rulers of the Kingdom of Jerusalem, and their respective elites. The monastery was an important centre for the development of the hybrid style of Crusader art, and still retains over 120 icons created in the style, by far the largest collection in existence. Many were evidently created by Latins, probably monks, based in or around the monastery in the 13th century.^[7]

Coordinates:

References

See also

• Archbishop of Mount Sinai and Raithu
• Codex Sinaiticus
• Apology of Aristides
• Charnel House
• Hermit
• Poustinia
• Eastern Christianity
• Byzantine Discalced Carmelites
• Mary of Egypt
• Macarius of Egypt
• Christ Pantocrator
• Kurt Weitzmann

External links

• Official Website of the Holy Monastery of St. Catherine at Mount Sinai
• St. Catherine's Monastery, Sinai, Egypt
• Camberwell/St.Catherine's Project
• Holy Image, Hallowed Ground: Icons from Sinai Getty exhibit
• (OrthodoxWiki article)
• The text of the Charter from Mohammad can be read here or here.
• At a Mountain Monastery, Old Texts Gain Digital Life article from New York Times
• Information about the town of St. Katherine
• The Physical Components of the Monastery
• The Icons of St. Catherine's—Gallery
• Gallery of Artifacts in the Monastery's Collection

Autocephalous and Autonomous Churches of Eastern Orthodoxy

Autocephalous Churches

Four Ancient Patriarchates: Constantinople | Alexandria | Antioch | Jerusalem Russia | Serbia | Romania | Bulgaria | Georgia Cyprus | Greece | Poland | Albania | Czechia and Slovakia | OCA*

Autonomous Churches

Sinai* | Finland | Estonia* | Japan* | China* | Ukraine | Western Europe* | Bessarabia* | Moldova* | Ohrid* | ROCOR**

The * designates a church whose autocephaly or autonomy is not universally recognized. ''The ** designates a semi-autonomous part of the Russian Orthodox Church.

	Greek Orthodox Christianity
Patriarchates Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople | Patriarchate of Alexandria | Patriarchate of Antioch | Patriarchate of Jerusalem Autocephalous and Autonomous churches Church of Greece | Cypriot Orthodox Church | Albanian Orthodox Church | Orthodox Church of Mount Sinai

•  • [ e] World Heritage Sites in Egypt
Abu Mena Islamic Cairo Memphis and its Necropolis – the Pyramid Fields from Giza to Dahshur Nubian Monuments from Abu Simbel to Philae Saint Catherine Area Ancient Thebes with its Necropolis Wadi Al-Hitan (Whale Valley)