Shu Han (Traditional Chinese: 蜀漢, pinyin: Shǔ Hàn), sometimes known as the Kingdom of Shu (蜀 shǔ) was one of the Three Kingdoms competing for control of China after the fall of the Han Dynasty, based on areas around Sichuan which was then known as Shu. The other two kingdoms were Cao Wei in central and northern China, and Eastern Wu in southern and southeastern China.

History

During the decline of the Han Dynasty, Liu Bei, a distant relative of the emperor, gathered together many capable men, and with Zhuge Liang's advice, took parts of Jingzhou at first, then Yizhou and Hanzhong. From these territories, he established a place for himself in China during Han's final years. In 219, Lü Meng of Wu attacked and conquered Jingzhou. Subsequently, Liu Bei's trusted general Guan Yu was executed by Wu soldiers. After Cao Pi of the Wei seized the imperial throne in 220 from Emperor Xian and proclaimed the Wei Dynasty, Liu Bei proclaimed himself to be the next Han emperor and the real ruler of China. Although Liu Bei is said to be the founder of the Shu Han dynasty, he himself never claimed to be the founder of a new dynasty; rather, he claimed to continue the heritage of the earlier Han Emperors.

In 222, the first major conflict of the Three Kingdoms period began. Liu Bei initiated an attack of 200,000 men upon the Kingdom of Wu in the Battle of Yiling to avenge his fallen general Guan Yu. However, because of a grave tactical mistake, his line of camps were burned to the ground and his numerically superior troops were decimated. He survived the attack and fled to Baidi, but one year later he became ill and died there. He was succeeded by his son, Liu Shan.

The Chancellor of Shu, Zhuge Liang, made peace with Wu instead of taking revenge. He decided that it was more important to conquer Cao Wei and not only gain the fertile lands of the north but also to topple the Wei government and restore legitimacy to the Shu-Han Dynasty. He made several invasions to the north but failed each time, finally dying of sickness during his seventh attempt to conquer Wei. Jiang Wei, his eventual successor, also tried many times but was pushed back each time. These efforts to conquer Wei exhausted the resources and military talents of Shu and eventually led to its downfall.

In 263, Wei took advantage of Shu's weakness and attacked. The brilliant strategies of the Wei generals, Zhong Hui and Deng Ai led to the quick conquest of Hanzhong and the subsequent conquest of the capital Chengdu. Jiang Wei surrendered to Zhong Hui and tried to incite Zhong Hui to rebel against Deng Ai, hoping to revive Shu Han by trying to take advantage of the ensuing chaos and bringing back the Emperor Liu Shan. However, his plan failed and he was killed along with Zhong Hui and Deng Ai by their soldiers. Afterwards, the Emperor Liu Shan was taken to the capital of Wei, Luoyang, where he was given the title Duke of Comfort (安樂公) and allowed him to retire in peace.

However, Shu was not simply a nation of war. During times of peace, Shu began many irrigation and road-building projects designed to improve the economy of Shu. Many of these public works still exist and are widely used. For example, the Nine-Mile Dam is still present near Chengdu in Sichuan province. These works helped improve the economy of Southwest China and can be credited with beginning the history of economic activity in the Sichuan area.

Important figures

Rulers of Shu Han 221 – 263

Posthumous names	Family name (in bold) and first names	Durations of reigns	Era names and their ranges of years
Convention: use family and first names
Zhaolie (昭烈 Zhāoliè)	Liu Bei (劉備)	221-223	Zhāngwǔ (章武) 221-223
Xiaohuai (孝懷 Xiàohuái)	Liu Shan (劉禪)	223-263	Jiànxīng (建興) 223-237 Yánxī (延熙) 238-257 Jǐngyào (景耀) 258-263 Yánxīng (炎興) 263

Throughout the world there are many cities that were once national capitals but no longer have that status because the country ceased to exist, the capital was moved, or the capital city was renamed. This is a list of such cities, sorted by country and then by date.
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Not to be confused with Chengde.

Chengdu (help info ) (Chinese: ; Pinyin: Chéngdū
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Chinese or the Sinitic language(s) (汉语/漢語, Pinyin: Hànyǔ; 华语/華語, Huáyǔ; or 中文, Zhōngwén) can be considered a language or language family.
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government is a body that has the power to make and the authority to enforce rules and laws within a civil, corporate, religious, academic, or other organization or group.^[1]
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List of forms of government

Anarchism
Aristocracy
Authoritarianism
Autocracy

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empire (from the Latin "imperium", denoting military command within the ancient Roman government). Generally, they may define an empire as a state that extends dominion over populations distinct culturally and ethnically from the culture/ethnicity at the center of power.
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For the volcano in Indonesia, see .

The Emperor of China (Chinese: 皇帝; Pinyin: Huángdì
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Liú Bèi (Chinese: 劉備; Pinyin: Liú Bèi) (161 – 223 AD), Chinese style name Xuándé
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Liu Shan, (commonly mispronounced as Liu Chan [1] ), (207 – 271) was the second and last emperor of the Kingdom of Shu during the Three Kingdoms era of China.
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The Three Kingdoms era (Traditional Chinese: 三國; Simplified Chinese: 三国; Pinyin: Sānguo
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The Establishment is a term for a traditional conservative ruling class and its institutions. In this context the term may also refer to that which is mainstream.
The Establishment (club), an English Satire club in the early 1960s, founded by Peter Cook

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list of countries ordered according to population. The list includes and ranks sovereign states and self-governing dependent territories. Figures are based on the most recent estimate or projection by the national census authority where available and generally rounded off.
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Pinyin, more formally called Hanyu Pinyin (Simplified Chinese: 汉语拼音; Traditional Chinese: 漢語拼音
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The Three Kingdoms era (Traditional Chinese: 三國; Simplified Chinese: 三国; Pinyin: Sānguo
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China (Traditional Chinese:
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Han Dynasty (Traditional Chinese: 漢朝; Simplified Chinese: 汉朝
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四川省
Sìchuān Shěng
Abbreviations: 川/? (Pinyin: Chuān or Shu)

Origin of name
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Eastern Wu (Chinese: 東吳; pinyin: Dōng Wú), also known as Sun Wu
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Liú Bèi (Chinese: 劉備; Pinyin: Liú Bèi) (161 – 223 AD), Chinese style name Xuándé
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Zhuge Liang (181 – 234) was one of the greatest strategists during the Three Kingdoms era of China. Zhuge Liang was not only a military strategist, but also a statesman, astrologist, engineer, scholar, and inventor. Zhuge is an uncommon two-character compound family name.
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Jingzhou (Simplified Chinese: 荆州; Traditional Chinese: 荊州; Pinyin: Jīngzhōu
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四川省
Sìchuān Shěng
Abbreviations: 川/? (Pinyin: Chuān or Shu)

Origin of name
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Hanzhong (Simplified Chinese: 汉中; Traditional Chinese: 漢中; Pinyin: Hànzhōng
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Shu Han

Information about Shu Han

History

Important figures

Rulers of Shu Han 221 – 263

See also

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