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South Caucasus

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Administrative map of Caucasus in USSR, 1952-1991.
South Caucasus, also referred to as Transcaucasia or Transcaucasus, is the southern portion of the Caucasus region between Europe and Asia, extending from the Greater Caucasus to the Turkish and Iranian borders, between the Black and Caspian Seas. The area includes the Colchis Lowland, Kura Lowland, Talysh Mountains, Lenkoran Lowland, Caucasus Minor, and Javakheti-Armenian Uplands. All of Armenia is in Transcaucasia; the majority of Georgia and Azerbaijan, including the exclave of Naxçivan, fall within this area. The countries of the region are producers of oil, manganese ore, tea, citrus fruits, and wine.

In Western languages, the terms Transcaucasus and Transcaucasia are translations of the Russian zakavkazie meaning "the area beyond the Caucasus Mountains", i.e., as seen from the Russian capital (analogous to the Roman terms Transalpine and Transpadania).

The region remains one of the most complicated in the post-Soviet area, and comprises three heavily disputed areas – Abkhazia and South Ossetia in Georgia, and Nagorno-Karabakh in Azerbaijan.

History

Located on the peripheries of Persia, Turkey, and Russia, the region has been an arena for political, military, religious, and cultural rivalries and expansionism for centuries. Throughout its history, the Caucasus was usually incorporated into the Iranian world. At the beginning of the 19th century, the Russian Empire conquered the territory from the Qajars.[1]

Ancient kingdoms of the region included Armenia, Albania, and Iberia, among others. These kingdoms were later incorporated into various empires, including Media, Achaemenid Empire, Parthian Empire, and Sassanid Empire. By this time, Zoroastrianism had become the dominant religion of the region; however, the region would go through two other religious transformations. Owing to the rivalry between Persia and Rome, and later Byzantium, the latter would invade the region several times, although never being able to hold it. However, because Armenia had become a Christian entity, Christianity began to overtake Zoroastrianism. With the Islamic conquest of Persia, the region came under the rule of the Arabs and Islam spread throughout the region. The region would later be conquered by the Seljuks, Mongols, local kingdoms and khanates, as well as, once again, Persia, until its conquest by Russia.

The region was unified as a single political entity twice – during the Russian Civil War (Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic) from 9 April 1918 to 26 May 1918, and under the Soviet rule (Transcaucasian SFSR) from 12 March 1922 to 5 December 1936.

The area of Transcaucasia, in particular where modern day Georgia and Armenia are located, is one of the native areas of the wine producing vines vitis vinifera. Some experts speculate that this may be the birthplace of wine production. [2] Archeological excavation and carbon dating of grape pips from the area have dated back to 7000-5000BC. [3]

See also

Footnotes

1. ^ Thorez, Pierre. "Caucasus." Encyclopaedia Iranica. June 2, 2007
2. ^ Hugh Johnson Vintage: The Story of Wine pg 15 Simon & Schuster 1989
3. ^ Ibid. pg 17

Sources and references

(incomplete)
Caucasus or Caucasia is a region in Eurasia bordered on the north by Russia, on the southwest by Turkey, on the west by the Black Sea, on the east by the Caspian Sea, and on the south by Iran. The Caucasus includes the Caucasus Mountains and surrounding lowlands.
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Europe is one of the seven traditional continents of the Earth. Physically and geologically, Europe is the westernmost peninsula of Eurasia, west of Asia. Europe is bounded to the north by the Arctic Ocean, to the west by the Atlantic Ocean, to the south by the Mediterranean Sea,
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Asia is the world's largest and most populous continent. It covers 8.6% of the Earth's total surface area (or 29.4% of its land area) and, with almost 4 billion people, it contains more than 60% of the world's current human population.
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Caucasus Mountains



Countries | Russia,Georgia,Azerbaijan,Armenia

Length | 1,100 km (684 mi)
Width | 160 km (99 mi)
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Motto
Yurtta Sulh, Cihanda Sulh
Peace at Home, Peace in the World
Anthem
İstiklâl Marşı
The Anthem of Independence
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Anthem
Sorūd-e Mellī-e Īrān ²


Capital
(and largest city) Tehran

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Euxine Sea (Older name) redirects here.


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Coordinates Coordinates:
Lake type Endorheic
Saline
Permanent
Natural
Primary sources Volga River

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Georgian Statehood

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Kura may refer to:
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Talysh Mountains (Persian Kuhha-ye Tavalesh) is a mountain chain in northwestern Iran, in the northwest section of the Elburz Mountains, extending southeastward from the border with the Republic of Azerbaijan to the lower part of the Sefid Rud (White River).
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Lankaran, or Lenkoran, (Azeri: Lənkəran) is a small city in Azerbaijan, on the coast of the Caspian Sea, near the southern border with Iran, with a population of 48,400 (2002), at least half of which are Talysh. It is next to the rayon of the same name.
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Lesser Caucasus (Azeri: Kiçik Qafqaz Dağları, Georgian: მცირე კავკასიონი, Russian:
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Armenian Highland (also known as the Armenian Upland or Armenian Plateau) is part of the Transcaucasian Highland and constitutes the continuation of the Caucasus mountains, also referred as eastern Armenia.
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Motto
Մեկ Ազգ, Մեկ Մշակույթ   (Armenian)
"

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Motto
ძალა ერთობაშია   (Georgian)
"Strength is in Unity"
Anthem
"Tavisupleba"
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Motto
none
Anthem
Azərbaycan Respublikasının Dövlət Himni
(March of Azerbaijan)
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Capital
(and largest city) Nakhchivan City
Official languages Azerbaijani
Government
 -  Parliamentary Chairman Vasif Talibov
Autonomous republic
 -  Establishment of the Nakhchivan ASSR

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Petroleum (Latin Petroleum derived from Greek πέτρα (Latin petra) - rock + έλαιον (Latin oleum) - oil) or crude oil
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2, 3
(oxides: acidic, basic or amphoteric
depending on the oxidation state)
Electronegativity 1.55 (Pauling scale)
Ionization energies
(more) 1st: 717.3 kJmol−1
2nd: 1509.
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This page contains Chinese text.
Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Chinese characters.
Tea is a beverage made by steeping processed leaves, buds, or twigs of the tea bush, Camellia sinensis
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Citrus
L.

Species & major hybrids

Species
Citrus aurantifolia—Key lime
Citrus maxima—Pomelo
Citrus medica—Citron
Citrus reticulata—Mandarin & Tangerine

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Wine is an alcoholic beverage made from the fermentation of grape juice.[1] The natural chemical balance of grapes is such that they can ferment without the addition of sugars, acids, enzymes or other nutrients.
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Russian}}} 
Writing system: Cyrillic (Russian variant)  
Official status
Official language of:  Abkhazia (Georgia)
 Belarus
 Commonwealth of Independent States (working)
 Crimea (de facto; Ukraine)
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Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (abbreviated USSR, Russian: (help info ) ; tr.
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აფხაზეთი
Абхазия
Apsny / Apkhazeti / Abhazia

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Anthem
unknown

Capital Tskhinvali

Official languages Ossetian, Russian 1
Government
 -  President Eduard Kokoity
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Motto
ძალა ერთობაშია   (Georgian)
"Strength is in Unity"
Anthem
"Tavisupleba"
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Anthem
Azat ou Ankakh Artsakh
Free and Independent Artsakh


Capital Stepanakert (Khankendi)

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Motto
none
Anthem
Azərbaycan Respublikasının Dövlət Himni
(March of Azerbaijan)
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