Stratum germinativum
Information about Stratum germinativum
| Stratum germinativum | |
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| Section of epidermis. | |
| A diagrammatic sectional view of the skin (magnified). | |
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Stratum germinativum (also stratum basale or basal cell layer) is the layer of keratinocytes that lies at the base of the epidermis immediately above the dermis. It consists of a single layer of tall, simple columnar epithelial cells lying on a basement membrane. These cells undergo rapid cell division, mitosis to replenish the regular loss of skin by shedding from the surface. About 25% of the cells are melanocytes, which produce melanin which provides pigmentation for skin and hair.
Pathology
All melanocytes have the capacity to migrate widely in the embryo, and therefore a cancer of a melanocyte, a melanoma, will spread (metastasize) very easily. For this reason, melanomas are often fatal, and when surgically removed, a lot of surrounding tissue must be taken as well.Albinism is a recessive hereditary condition in which the melanocytes do not produce melanin. People appear very pale and, depending on the type of albinism, will also have lack of pigment in the iris of the eye causing them to appear pink or violet due to visibility of the underlying blood vessels. In the most commonly inherited form of albinism the eyes are blue.
Basal cell carcinoma is a relatively benign form of skin cancer which arises from this layer of cells.
Additional images
) Cross-section of all skin layers. |
External links
- Information on Basal Cell Carcinoma from The Skin Cancer Foundation
- Histology at BU 08422loa - "Integument: thick skin"
- MedEd at Loyola medicine/dermatology/skinlsn/stgerm.htm
Integumentary system | |
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| structures | Skin • Sweat glands • Sebaceous glands • Hair (Hair follicle) • Nails • Scale |
| layers | Epidermis (Stratum corneum, Stratum lucidum, Stratum granulosum, Stratum spinosum, Stratum germinativum/basale) • Dermis • Subcutis |
The keratinocyte is the major cell type of the epidermis, making up about 90% of epidermal cells. The epidermis is divided into four or five layers (depending on the type of skin) based on keratinocyte morphology:
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- stratum basale (at the junction with the dermis)
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Epidermis is the outermost layer of the skin. It forms the waterproof, protective wrap over the body's surface and is made up of stratified squamous epithelium with an underlying basal lamina.
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The dermis is a layer of skin beneath the epidermis that consists of connective tissue and cushions the body from stress and strain. The dermis is tightly connected to the epidermis by a basement membrane. It also harbors many nerve endings that provide the sense of touch and heat.
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basement membrane is a structure that supports overlying epithelial or endothelial cells.
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Composition
The basement membrane consists of an electron-dense membrane called the lamina densa, about 30–70 nanometers in thickness, and an underlying network of reticular..... Click the link for more information.
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Melanocytes are cells located in the bottom layer (the stratum basale) of the skin's epidermis and in the middle layer of the eye (the uvea).
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Melanogenesis
Through a process called melanogenesis..... Click the link for more information.
Broadly, melanin is any of the polyacetylene, polyaniline, and polypyrrole "blacks" and "browns" or their mixed copolymers. The most common form of biological melanin is a polymer of either or both of two monomer molecules: indolequinone, and dihydroxyindole carboxylic acid.
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Melanoma
Classification & external resources
Melanoma malignum on the left leg of a 60-year-old woman
ICD-10 C 43.
ICD-9 172
ICD-O: M 8720/3
OMIM 155600
DiseasesDB 7947
MedlinePlus 000850
eMedicine derm/257
Melanoma
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Classification & external resources
Melanoma malignum on the left leg of a 60-year-old woman
ICD-10 C 43.
ICD-9 172
ICD-O: M 8720/3
OMIM 155600
DiseasesDB 7947
MedlinePlus 000850
eMedicine derm/257
Melanoma
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Metastasis (Greek: displacement, μετά=next + στάσις=placement, plural: metastases), sometimes abbreviated mets, is the spread of a disease from one organ or part to another non-contiguous organ or part.
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Albinism
Classification & external resources
Albinistic boy
ICD-10 E 70.3
ICD-9 270.2
OMIM 203100 103470 , 203200 , 203280 ,
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Classification & external resources
Albinistic boy
ICD-10 E 70.3
ICD-9 270.2
OMIM 203100 103470 , 203200 , 203280 ,
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Basal cell carcinoma
Classification & external resources
ICD-9 173
ICD-O: 8090/3-8093/3
OMIM 605462
DiseasesDB 1264
eMedicine med/214
MeSH D002280 Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is the most common form of skin cancer.
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Classification & external resources
ICD-9 173
ICD-O: 8090/3-8093/3
OMIM 605462
DiseasesDB 1264
eMedicine med/214
MeSH D002280 Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is the most common form of skin cancer.
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MeSH D012878 Skin cancer is a malignant growth on the skin which can have many causes. Skin cancer generally develops in the epidermis (the outermost layer of skin), so a tumor is usually clearly visible. This makes most skin cancers detectable in the early stages.
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Boston University (BU) is a private research university located in Boston, Massachusetts, United States. Although chartered by the Massachusetts Legislature in 1869, Boston University traces its roots to the establishment of the Newbury Biblical Institute in Newbury,
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Loyola University Chicago is a private co-educational religious-affiliated university established in Chicago in 1870 as Saint Ignatius College. It was founded by the Roman Catholic religious order of the Society of Jesus and bears the name of the Jesuit patron, Saint Ignatius of
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In zootomy, the integumentary system is the external covering of the body, comprising the skin, hair, feathers, scales, nails, sweat glands and their products (sweat and mucus).
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Skin layers: epidermis, dermis, and subcutis, showing a hair follicle, sweat gland & sebaceous gland.]] In zootomy and dermatology, skin is the largest organ of the integumentary system made up of multiple layers of epithelial tissues that guard underlying muscles and organs.
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Perspiration (also called sweating or sometimes transpiration) is the production and evaporation of a fluid, consisting primarily of water as well as a smaller amount of sodium chloride (the main constituent of "table salt"), that is excreted by the sweat glands in the skin of
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The sebaceous glands are glands found in the skin of mammals.
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Locations and morphology
A branched type of acinar gland, these glands exist in humans throughout the skin except in the palms of the hands and soles of the feet...... Click the link for more information.
Hair is a filamentous outgrowth of protein, found only on mammals. It projects from the epidermis, though it grows from hair follicles deep in the dermis. Although many other organisms, especially insects, show filamentous outgrowths, these are not considered "hair".
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A hair follicle is part of the skin that grows hair by packing old cells together. Attached to the follicle is a sebaceous gland, a tiny sebum-producing gland found everywhere except on the palms, lips and soles of the feet.
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nail is a horn-like structure at the end of a human's or an animal's finger or toe. See also claw.
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Parts of the nail
Anatomically fingernails and toenails..... Click the link for more information.
scale (Greek lepid, Latin squama) is a small rigid plate that grows out of an animal's skin to provide protection. In lepidopteran species, scales are plates on the surface of the insect wing, and provide coloration.
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Epidermis is the outermost layer of the skin. It forms the waterproof, protective wrap over the body's surface and is made up of stratified squamous epithelium with an underlying basal lamina.
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The stratum corneum ("horny layer") is the outermost layer of the epidermis (the outermost layer of the skin). It is composed mainly of dead cells that lack nuclei. As these dead cells slough off, they are continuously replaced by new cells from the stratum germinativum (basale).
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stratum lucidum (Latin for "clear layer") is a thin, clear layer of dead skin cells in the epidermis, and is named for its translucent appearance under a microscope. It contains a clear substance called eleidin, which eventually becomes keratin.
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In microscopic views of skin, the stratum granulosum layer of the epidermis lies between the stratum spinosum below and the stratum lucidum above in stratified squamous keratinized thick skin of palms and soles.
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In the skin, the stratum spinosum is a multi-layered arrangement of cuboidal cells that sits beneath the stratum granulosum. Adjacent cells are joined by desmosomes, giving them a spiny appearance when the cells shrink during the staining process while the desmosomes hold firm.
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The dermis is a layer of skin beneath the epidermis that consists of connective tissue and cushions the body from stress and strain. The dermis is tightly connected to the epidermis by a basement membrane. It also harbors many nerve endings that provide the sense of touch and heat.
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subcutis is the layer of tissue directly underlying the cutis. It is mainly composed of adipose tissue. Its physiological function includes insulation and storage of nutrients.
Subcutaneous injections are given by injecting a fluid or a solid pellet into the subcutis.
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Subcutaneous injections are given by injecting a fluid or a solid pellet into the subcutis.
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