Susan Sontag
Information about Susan Sontag
Susan Sontag (January 16, 1933 – December 28, 2004) was an American essayist, novelist, filmmaker, and activist.
Sontag grew up in Tucson, Arizona and, later, in Los Angeles, where she graduated from North Hollywood High School at the age of 15. She began her undergraduate studies at Berkeley, but transferred to the University of Chicago, where she graduated with a B.A. She did graduate work in philosophy, literature, and theology at Harvard, St Anne's College, Oxford and the Sorbonne.
At 17, while at Chicago, Sontag married Philip Rieff, following a ten-day courtship. Sontag and Rieff were married for eight years, divorcing in 1958. The couple had a son, David Rieff, who later became his mother's editor at Farrar, Straus and Giroux and subsequently a writer.
The publication of Against Interpretation (1966), accompanied by a striking dust-jacket photo taken by the photographer Harry Hess, helped establish Sontag's reputation as "the Dark Lady of American Letters." No account of her hold on her generation can omit the power of her physical presence on a room full of New York literati: movie stars like Woody Allen, philosophers like Arthur Danto, and politicians like Mayor John Lindsay vied to know her. In the movie "Bull Durham," her work was used as a touchstone of sexual savoir-faire. (See below.)
She avoided, in her prime, all pigeon holes. Like Jane Fonda, she went to Hanoi, but wrote of the experience with distaste, in a foreshadowing of her famous rebuke of Eastern European Communist countries as "fascism with a human face."
Sontag died in New York City on December 28, 2004, aged 71, from complications of myelodysplastic syndrome evolving into acute myelogenous leukemia. The MDS was likely a result of the chemotherapy and radiation treatment she received three decades earlier when she was diagnosed with advanced breast cancer and a rare form of uterine cancer. She is buried in Montparnasse cemetery, in Paris, France.[1]
It was as an essayist, however, that Sontag gained early and enduring fame and notoriety. Sontag wrote frequently about the intersection of high and low art. Her celebrated 1964 essay "Notes on 'Camp'" examined an alternative sensibility to seriousness and comedy, gesturing to the "so bad it's good" concept in popular culture for the first time. Sontag also contributed the essay, [1]On Photography in 1977. This gave media students and scholars an entirely different perspective of the camera in the modern world. The essay is an exploration of the photograph as a collection of the world, primarily by travelers or tourists, and the way we therefore experience it. She outlines the concept of her theory of taking pictures as you travel,
Sontag suggested we use this photographic ‘evidence’ as a presumption that ‘something exists, or did exist’, regardless of distortion. Sontag saw the art of photography, ‘as much an interpretation of the world as paintings and drawings are’. As cameras are produced rapidly as a ‘mass art form’ and are available to all of those with the means to attain them. Focusing also on the effect of the camera and photograph on the wedding and modern family life, Sontag reflects that these are a ‘rite of family life’ in industrialized countries such as Europe and America.
To Sontag ‘picture-taking is an event in itself, and one with ever more peremptory rights - to interfere with, to invade, or to ignore whatever is going on’. She considers the camera a phallus, comparable to a ray gun or a car which are ‘fantasy-machines whose use is addictive’. For Sontag the camera can be linked to murder and a promotion of nostalgia whilst evoking ‘the sense of the unattainable’ in the industrialized world. The photograph familiarizes the wealthy with ‘the oppressed, the exploited, the starving, and the massacred’ but removes the shock of these images because they are available wildly and have ceased to be novel. Sontag saw the photograph as valued because it gives information but acknowledges that they are incapable of giving a moral stand point although they can reinforce an existing one. This point of view is relatively lost in the western world consumed by pictures. She championed European writers such as Walter Benjamin, Roland Barthes, Antonin Artaud, and W. G. Sebald, along with some Americans such as María Irene Fornés. Over the course of several decades she would turn her attention to novels, film and photography. In several books, she wrote about cultural attitudes toward illness. Her final nonfiction work Regarding the Pain of Others re-examined art and photography from a moral standpoint, speaking of how the media affects culture's views of conflict.
In 1989 Sontag was the President of PEN American Center, the main U.S. branch of the International PEN writers' organization, at the time that Iranian leader Ayatollah Khomeini issued a fatwa (in this instance a death sentence) against writer Salman Rushdie after the publication of his novel The Satanic Verses, which was perceived as blasphemous by Islamic fundamentalists. Her uncompromising support of Rushdie was critical in rallying American writers to his cause.
A few years later, Sontag gained attention for directing Samuel Beckett's Waiting for Godot during the nearly four-year Siege of Sarajevo. Early in that conflict, Sontag referred to the Serbian invasion and massacre in Bosnia as the "Spanish Civil War of our time" and sparked controversy among U.S. leftists for openly advocating for U.S. and European military intervention. Sontag lived in Sarajevo for many months of the Sarajevo siege.
In a well-circulated essay entitled "Sontag, Bloody Sontag," Camille Paglia describes her initial admiration for Sontag and her subsequent disillusionment and evisceration of the author. Paglia wrote,
Paglia proceeds to detail a series of vituperations toward Sontag, including Harold Bloom's comment on Paglia's doctoral dissertation of "Mere Sontagisme!" which "had become synonymous with a shallow kind of hip posturing." Paglia also describes Sontag as a "sanctimonious moralist of the old-guard literary world", and tells of Sontag's visit to Bennington, in which she arrived hours late, ignored the agreed upon topic of the event, and made an incessant series of ridiculous demands.
Sontag was criticized in 1968 for visiting Hanoi, the capital of North Vietnam, during the Vietnam war.
Sontag sparked controversy for her remarks in The New Yorker (September 24, 2001) about the immediate aftermath of the September 11th, 2001 attacks. Sontag wrote:
Similar remarks were also made by political commentator/comedian Bill Maher, and by British journalist and author Robert Fisk.
Perhaps the most well-known and biting critique of Sontag was in the film Bull Durham by the character Crash Davis (Kevin Costner), written and directed by Ron Shelton: "I believe in the soul, the cock, the pussy, the small of a woman's back, the hanging curve ball, high fiber, good scotch, that the novels of Susan Sontag are self-indulgent, overrated crap..."
Sontag had also received criticism for the remarks/rhetoric revolving around her statement, "Communism is fascism with a human face."
In an interview in the Guardian (UK) in 2000 (see [6]), she was quite open about her bisexuality:
Many of Sontag's obituaries fail to mention her significant same-sex relationships, most notably with photographer Annie Leibovitz. In response to this criticism, The New York Times' Public Editor, Daniel Okrent, defended the newspaper's obituary, stating that at the time of Sontag's death, a reporter could make no independent verification of her romantic relationship with Leibovitz (despite attempts to do so). After Sontag's death, Newsweek published an article about Leibovitz that made clear reference to her decade-plus relationship with Sontag, stating: "The two first met in the late '80s, when Leibovitz photographed her for a book jacket. They never lived together, though they each had an apartment within view of the other's."[7]
Sontag was quoted by Editor-in-Chief Brendan Lemon of Out magazine as saying "I grew up in a time when the modus operandi was the 'open secret'. I'm used to that, and quite OK with it. Intellectually, I know why I haven't spoken more about my sexuality, but I do wonder if I haven't repressed something there to my detriment. … Maybe I could have given comfort to some people if I had dealt with the subject of my private sexuality more, but it's never been my prime mission to give comfort, unless somebody's in drastic need. I'd rather give pleasure, or shake things up."
An exhibit of work by Annie Leibovitz currently on display in Washington, DC, at the Corcoran Gallery of Art includes numerous personal photos, in addition to the celebrity portraits for which the artist is best known. These personal photos chronicle Leibovitz's years-long relationship with Sontag, and feature many pictures of the author taken by the artist, including photographs showing her battle with cancer, her treatment, and ultimately her death and burial.
An essay is a piece of writing, usually from an author's personal point of view.
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Life
Sontag, originally named Susan Rosenblatt, was born in New York City to Jack Rosenblatt and Mildred Jacobsen, both Jewish-Americans. Her father ran a fur trading business in China, where he died of tuberculosis when Susan was five years old. Seven years later, her mother married Nathan Sontag, at which point Susan and her sister Judith took their stepfather's surname although they were never formally adopted.Sontag grew up in Tucson, Arizona and, later, in Los Angeles, where she graduated from North Hollywood High School at the age of 15. She began her undergraduate studies at Berkeley, but transferred to the University of Chicago, where she graduated with a B.A. She did graduate work in philosophy, literature, and theology at Harvard, St Anne's College, Oxford and the Sorbonne.
At 17, while at Chicago, Sontag married Philip Rieff, following a ten-day courtship. Sontag and Rieff were married for eight years, divorcing in 1958. The couple had a son, David Rieff, who later became his mother's editor at Farrar, Straus and Giroux and subsequently a writer.
The publication of Against Interpretation (1966), accompanied by a striking dust-jacket photo taken by the photographer Harry Hess, helped establish Sontag's reputation as "the Dark Lady of American Letters." No account of her hold on her generation can omit the power of her physical presence on a room full of New York literati: movie stars like Woody Allen, philosophers like Arthur Danto, and politicians like Mayor John Lindsay vied to know her. In the movie "Bull Durham," her work was used as a touchstone of sexual savoir-faire. (See below.)
She avoided, in her prime, all pigeon holes. Like Jane Fonda, she went to Hanoi, but wrote of the experience with distaste, in a foreshadowing of her famous rebuke of Eastern European Communist countries as "fascism with a human face."
Sontag died in New York City on December 28, 2004, aged 71, from complications of myelodysplastic syndrome evolving into acute myelogenous leukemia. The MDS was likely a result of the chemotherapy and radiation treatment she received three decades earlier when she was diagnosed with advanced breast cancer and a rare form of uterine cancer. She is buried in Montparnasse cemetery, in Paris, France.[1]
Work
Sontag's literary career began and ended with works of fiction. At age 30, she published an experimental novel called The Benefactor (1963), following it four years later with Death Kit (1967). Despite a relatively small output in the genre, Sontag thought of herself principally as a novelist and writer of fiction. Her short story "The Way We Live Now" was published to great acclaim on November 26, 1986 in The New Yorker. Written in an experimental narrative style, it remains a key text on the AIDS epidemic. She achieved late popular success as a best selling novelist with The Volcano Lover (1992), and at age 67 published her final novel In America (2000). The last two novels were set in the past which Sontag had said gave her greater freedom to write in the polyphonic voice.It was as an essayist, however, that Sontag gained early and enduring fame and notoriety. Sontag wrote frequently about the intersection of high and low art. Her celebrated 1964 essay "Notes on 'Camp'" examined an alternative sensibility to seriousness and comedy, gesturing to the "so bad it's good" concept in popular culture for the first time. Sontag also contributed the essay, [1]On Photography in 1977. This gave media students and scholars an entirely different perspective of the camera in the modern world. The essay is an exploration of the photograph as a collection of the world, primarily by travelers or tourists, and the way we therefore experience it. She outlines the concept of her theory of taking pictures as you travel,
‘The method especially appeals to people handicapped by a ruthless work ethic – Germans, Japanese and Americans. Using a camera appeases the anxiety which the work driven feel about not working when they are on vacation and supposed to be having fun. They have something to do that is like a friendly imitation of work: they can take pictures’.
Sontag suggested we use this photographic ‘evidence’ as a presumption that ‘something exists, or did exist’, regardless of distortion. Sontag saw the art of photography, ‘as much an interpretation of the world as paintings and drawings are’. As cameras are produced rapidly as a ‘mass art form’ and are available to all of those with the means to attain them. Focusing also on the effect of the camera and photograph on the wedding and modern family life, Sontag reflects that these are a ‘rite of family life’ in industrialized countries such as Europe and America.
To Sontag ‘picture-taking is an event in itself, and one with ever more peremptory rights - to interfere with, to invade, or to ignore whatever is going on’. She considers the camera a phallus, comparable to a ray gun or a car which are ‘fantasy-machines whose use is addictive’. For Sontag the camera can be linked to murder and a promotion of nostalgia whilst evoking ‘the sense of the unattainable’ in the industrialized world. The photograph familiarizes the wealthy with ‘the oppressed, the exploited, the starving, and the massacred’ but removes the shock of these images because they are available wildly and have ceased to be novel. Sontag saw the photograph as valued because it gives information but acknowledges that they are incapable of giving a moral stand point although they can reinforce an existing one. This point of view is relatively lost in the western world consumed by pictures. She championed European writers such as Walter Benjamin, Roland Barthes, Antonin Artaud, and W. G. Sebald, along with some Americans such as María Irene Fornés. Over the course of several decades she would turn her attention to novels, film and photography. In several books, she wrote about cultural attitudes toward illness. Her final nonfiction work Regarding the Pain of Others re-examined art and photography from a moral standpoint, speaking of how the media affects culture's views of conflict.
Activism
)
The former Sarajevo newspaper building. Sontag lived in Sarajevo for months during the siege, directing a production of "Waiting for Godot" in a candlelit Sarajevo theatre.
In 1989 Sontag was the President of PEN American Center, the main U.S. branch of the International PEN writers' organization, at the time that Iranian leader Ayatollah Khomeini issued a fatwa (in this instance a death sentence) against writer Salman Rushdie after the publication of his novel The Satanic Verses, which was perceived as blasphemous by Islamic fundamentalists. Her uncompromising support of Rushdie was critical in rallying American writers to his cause.
A few years later, Sontag gained attention for directing Samuel Beckett's Waiting for Godot during the nearly four-year Siege of Sarajevo. Early in that conflict, Sontag referred to the Serbian invasion and massacre in Bosnia as the "Spanish Civil War of our time" and sparked controversy among U.S. leftists for openly advocating for U.S. and European military intervention. Sontag lived in Sarajevo for many months of the Sarajevo siege.
Controversies
Sontag drew fire for writing that "Mozart, Pascal, Boolean algebra, Shakespeare, parliamentary government, baroque churches, Newton, the emancipation of women, Kant, Balanchine ballets, et al. don't redeem what this particular civilization has wrought upon the world. The white race is the cancer of human history." (Partisan Review, Winter 1967, p. 57.) ([2]) Sontag later offered an ironic apology for the remark, saying it was insensitive to cancer victims.In a well-circulated essay entitled "Sontag, Bloody Sontag," Camille Paglia describes her initial admiration for Sontag and her subsequent disillusionment and evisceration of the author. Paglia wrote,
- Sontag's cool exile was a disaster for the American women's movement. Only a woman of her prestige could have performed the necessary critique and debunking of the first instant-canon feminist screeds, such as those of Kate Millett or Sandra Gilbert and Susan Gubar, whose middlebrow mediocrity crippled women's studies from the start. No patriarchal villains held Sontag back; her failures are her own.
Paglia proceeds to detail a series of vituperations toward Sontag, including Harold Bloom's comment on Paglia's doctoral dissertation of "Mere Sontagisme!" which "had become synonymous with a shallow kind of hip posturing." Paglia also describes Sontag as a "sanctimonious moralist of the old-guard literary world", and tells of Sontag's visit to Bennington, in which she arrived hours late, ignored the agreed upon topic of the event, and made an incessant series of ridiculous demands.
Sontag was criticized in 1968 for visiting Hanoi, the capital of North Vietnam, during the Vietnam war.
Sontag sparked controversy for her remarks in The New Yorker (September 24, 2001) about the immediate aftermath of the September 11th, 2001 attacks. Sontag wrote:
- "Where is the acknowledgment that this was not a 'cowardly' attack on 'civilization' or 'liberty' or 'humanity' or 'the free world' but an attack on the world's self-proclaimed superpower, undertaken as a consequence of specific American alliances and actions? How many citizens are aware of the ongoing American bombing of Iraq? And if the word "cowardly" is to be used, it might be more aptly applied to those who kill from beyond the range of retaliation, high in the sky, than to those willing to die themselves in order to kill others. In the matter of courage (a morally neutral virtue): Whatever may be said of the perpetrators of Tuesday's slaughter, they were not cowards."[3]
Similar remarks were also made by political commentator/comedian Bill Maher, and by British journalist and author Robert Fisk.
Perhaps the most well-known and biting critique of Sontag was in the film Bull Durham by the character Crash Davis (Kevin Costner), written and directed by Ron Shelton: "I believe in the soul, the cock, the pussy, the small of a woman's back, the hanging curve ball, high fiber, good scotch, that the novels of Susan Sontag are self-indulgent, overrated crap..."
Sontag had also received criticism for the remarks/rhetoric revolving around her statement, "Communism is fascism with a human face."
Bisexuality
Sontag had committed relationships with photographer Annie Leibovitz, choreographer Lucinda Childs, writer Maria Irene Fornes, and other women.[4] In the early 1970s, she was romantically involved with Nicole Stéphane (1923-2007), a Rothschild banking heiress turned movie actress.[5]In an interview in the Guardian (UK) in 2000 (see [6]), she was quite open about her bisexuality:
- "Shall I tell you about getting older?", she says, and she is laughing. "When you get older, 45 plus, men stop fancying you. Or put it another way, the men I fancy don't fancy me. I want a young man. I love beauty. So what's new?" She says she has been in love seven times in her life, which seems quite a lot. "No, hang on," she says. "Actually, it's nine. Five women, four men."
Many of Sontag's obituaries fail to mention her significant same-sex relationships, most notably with photographer Annie Leibovitz. In response to this criticism, The New York Times' Public Editor, Daniel Okrent, defended the newspaper's obituary, stating that at the time of Sontag's death, a reporter could make no independent verification of her romantic relationship with Leibovitz (despite attempts to do so). After Sontag's death, Newsweek published an article about Leibovitz that made clear reference to her decade-plus relationship with Sontag, stating: "The two first met in the late '80s, when Leibovitz photographed her for a book jacket. They never lived together, though they each had an apartment within view of the other's."[7]
Sontag was quoted by Editor-in-Chief Brendan Lemon of Out magazine as saying "I grew up in a time when the modus operandi was the 'open secret'. I'm used to that, and quite OK with it. Intellectually, I know why I haven't spoken more about my sexuality, but I do wonder if I haven't repressed something there to my detriment. … Maybe I could have given comfort to some people if I had dealt with the subject of my private sexuality more, but it's never been my prime mission to give comfort, unless somebody's in drastic need. I'd rather give pleasure, or shake things up."
An exhibit of work by Annie Leibovitz currently on display in Washington, DC, at the Corcoran Gallery of Art includes numerous personal photos, in addition to the celebrity portraits for which the artist is best known. These personal photos chronicle Leibovitz's years-long relationship with Sontag, and feature many pictures of the author taken by the artist, including photographs showing her battle with cancer, her treatment, and ultimately her death and burial.
Works
Fiction
- (1963) The Benefactor ISBN 0-385-26710-X
- (1967) Death Kit ISBN 0-312-42011-0
- (1977) I, etcetera (Collection of short stories) ISBN 0-374-17402-4
- (1991) The Way We Live Now (short story) ISBN 0-374-52305-3
- (1992) The Volcano Lover ISBN 1-55800-818-7
- (1999) In America ISBN 1-56895-898-6 (National Book Award for fiction in 2000)
Plays
- (1991) "A Parsifal" [one-act play, first published in _Antaeus_ 67 (1991): 180-185.]
- (1993) Alice in Bed Library of congress catalog card number 93-71280
- (1999) "Lady from the Sea" [adaptation of Henrik Ibsen's play of the same name; first published in _Theater_ 29.1 (1999): 89-91.]
Nonfiction
Collections of essays
- (1966) Against Interpretation ISBN 0-385-26708-8 (includes Notes on "Camp")
- (1969) Styles of Radical Will ISBN 0-312-42021-8
- (1980) Under the Sign of Saturn ISBN 0-374-28076-2
- (2001) Where the Stress Falls ISBN 0-374-28917-4
- (2007) ISBN 0-374-10072-1 (edited by Paolo Dilonardo and Anne Jump, with a foreword by David Rieff)
Monographs
- (1977) On Photography ISBN 0-374-22626-1
- (1978) Illness as Metaphor ISBN 0-394-72844-0
- (1988) AIDS and Its Metaphors (a continuation of Illness as Metaphor) ISBN 0-374-10257-0
- (2003) Regarding the Pain of Others ISBN 0-374-24858-3
Other
- (2004) Contribution of phrases to Fischerspooner's third album "Odyssey."
Some Books and articles on Susan Sontag
- Sontag and Kael by Craig Seligman ISBN 1-58243-311-9.
- The Din in the Head. Essays by Cynthia Ozick ISBN-13: 978-0-618-47050-1 See Forward: On Discord and Desire.
- Conversations with Susan Sontag. Edited by Leland Poague ISBN 0-87805-833-8 Susan Sontag in her own words.
- Susan Sontag. The Elegiac Modernist by Sohnya Sayres ISBN 0-415-90031-X
Awards and honors
- 1978: National Book Critics Circle Award for On Photography
- 1990: MacArthur Fellowship
- 1992: Malaparte Prize, Italy
- 1996: Recognized for her major contributions to the AIDS field when referenced in a toast during "La Vie Boheme" from the Broadway musical Rent - To Sontag, To Sondheim, To anything taboo...
- 1999: Commandeur de l'Ordre des Arts et des Lettres, France
- 2000: National Book Award for In America
- 2001: Was awarded the Jerusalem Prize, which is awarded every two years to a writer whose work explores the freedom of the individual in society.
- 2002: Received her second George Polk Award, for Cultural Criticism for "Looking at War," in The New Yorker
- 2003: Received the Peace Prize of the German Book Trade () during the Frankfurt Book Fair ().
- 2003: Won the Prince of Asturias Award on Literature.
- 2004: Two days after her death, the mayor of Sarajevo announced the city would name a street after her, calling her an "author and a humanist who actively participated in the creation of the history of Sarajevo and Bosnia."
External links
General
- Susan Sontag, official website
- Susan Sontag -- Photos by Mathieu Bourgois.
- The Friedenspreis acceptance speech (2003-10-12)
- Fascinating Fascism illustrated text of Sontag's seminal 1974 article on Nazi filmmaker Leni Riefenstahl's aesthetics, from Under the Sign of Saturn
- AfterImage article: a summary of the critical reception and subsequent undermining of most of the arguments made in Sontag's On Photography March-April, 1998
- Louise Norlie, For and Against Interpretation essay in response to Susan Sontag's Against Interpretation
- "GreeneSpace" entry on Sontag in Oxford Companion to Women's Writing in the United States
- Sontag's comments in the New Yorker, September 24, 2001 about the September 11th attack on the United States
- Preminuloj Suzan Zontang spomen-obilježje i ulica u gradu (in Bosnian)
- Sexing Susan Sontag
- Terry Castle, Desperately Seeking Susan, London Review of Books, March 2005
- Guardian interview May 27, 2000
- Sheelah Kolhatkar, "Notes on camp Sontag" New York Observer, January 8, 2005
- Susan Sontag at the Internet Movie Database
- 1992 audio interview with Susan Sontag - RealAudio
- Susan Sontag on Find-A-Grave
- "On Self: From the notebooks and diaries of Susan Sontag, 1958-67" excerpted in the New York Times
- Special Synoptique Dossier-- devoted to Sontag's film criticism, edited by Colin Burnett (including entries by Jonathan Rosenbaum, Dudley Andrew and Adrian Martin)
- Notes on Susan Eliot Weinberger discusses Sontag on the occasion of the posthumously published (2007) At the Same Time: Essays & Speeches
Obituaries
- BBC
- The Economist
- Toronto Star
- Guardian
- Los Angeles Times
- New York Times
- Telegraph
- Times (London)
- Slate
- Dissent
- Village Voice
- The Observer
- n+1
References
1. ^ findagrave.com. Retrieved on 2007-06-19.
2. ^ . Retrieved on 2007-06-19.
3. ^ msgr.ca. Retrieved on 2007-06-19.
4. ^ nytimes.com. Retrieved on 2007-06-19.
5. ^ Leo Lerman, "The Grand Surprise: The Journals of Leo Lerman", NY: Knopf, 2007, page 413
6. ^ books.guardian.co.uk. Retrieved on 2007-06-19.
7. ^ Cathleen McGuigan, "Through Her Lens", Newsweek, 2 October 2006.
8. ^ nytimes.com. Retrieved on 2007-06-19.
2. ^ . Retrieved on 2007-06-19.
3. ^ msgr.ca. Retrieved on 2007-06-19.
4. ^ nytimes.com. Retrieved on 2007-06-19.
5. ^ Leo Lerman, "The Grand Surprise: The Journals of Leo Lerman", NY: Knopf, 2007, page 413
6. ^ books.guardian.co.uk. Retrieved on 2007-06-19.
7. ^ Cathleen McGuigan, "Through Her Lens", Newsweek, 2 October 2006.
8. ^ nytimes.com. Retrieved on 2007-06-19.
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University of California, Berkeley is a public research university located in Berkeley, California, United States. Commonly referred to as UC Berkeley, Berkeley and Cal
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The University of Chicago is a private university located principally in the Hyde Park neighborhood of Chicago. Founded in 1890 by the American Baptist Education Society and the oil magnate John D. Rockefeller, the University of Chicago held its first classes on October 1, 1892.
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Philosophy is the discipline concerned with questions of how one should live (ethics); what sorts of things exist and what are their essential natures (metaphysics); what counts as genuine knowledge (epistemology); and what are the correct principles of reasoning (logic).
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Literature literally "acquaintance with letters" (from Latin littera letter) as in the first sense given in the Oxford English Dictionary, or works of art, which in Western culture are mainly prose, both fiction and non-fiction, drama and poetry.
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God
General approaches
Agnosticism Atheism
Deism Dystheism
Henotheism Ignosticism
Monism Monotheism
Natural theology Nontheism
Pandeism Panentheism
Pantheism Polytheism
Theism Theology
Transtheism
Specific conceptions
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General approaches
Agnosticism Atheism
Deism Dystheism
Henotheism Ignosticism
Monism Monotheism
Natural theology Nontheism
Pandeism Panentheism
Pantheism Polytheism
Theism Theology
Transtheism
Specific conceptions
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Harvard University (incorporated as The President and Fellows of Harvard College) is a private university in Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA and a member of the Ivy League.
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St Anne's College is one of the constituent colleges of the University of Oxford in the United Kingdom. What is now St Anne's College began life as part of the "Association for the Education of Women", the first institution in Oxford to allow for the education of women
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- This article is about the Collège de Sorbonne. For other uses of the name, see Sorbonne.
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Philip Rieff (December 15, 1922 – July 1, 2006) was an American sociologist and cultural critic, known for his writings on the cultural significance of Freudianism and the inroads made by the therapeutic ethos into Western culture.
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19th century - 20th century - 21st century
1920s 1930s 1940s - 1950s - 1960s 1970s 1980s
1955 1956 1957 - 1958 - 1959 1960 1961
Year 1958 (MCMLVIII
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1920s 1930s 1940s - 1950s - 1960s 1970s 1980s
1955 1956 1957 - 1958 - 1959 1960 1961
Year 1958 (MCMLVIII
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David Rieff (born September 28, 1952, in Boston) is a nonfiction writer and policy analyst. His books have focused on issues of immigration, international conflict, and humanitarianism.
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Farrar, Straus and Giroux is an American book publishing company, founded in 1946 by Roger W. Straus, Jr. and John Farrar. Known primarily as Farrar, Straus in its first decade of existence, the company was renamed when it hired Robert Giroux from rival Harcourt, Brace, who
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writer is anyone who creates a written work, although the word more usually designates those who write creatively or professionally, or those who have written in many different forms.
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Against Interpretation and Other Essays is a collection of essays by Susan Sontag which was published in 1966. It includes some of Sontag's best-known works, including "On Style", "Notes on 'Camp'", and the title essay "Against Interpretation".
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Harry Hammond Hess (May 24, 1906 – August 25, 1969) was a geologist and United States Navy officer.
Considered one of the "founding fathers" of the unifying theory of plate tectonics, Rear Admiral Dr. Harry Hammond Hess was born on May 24, 1906 in New York City.
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Considered one of the "founding fathers" of the unifying theory of plate tectonics, Rear Admiral Dr. Harry Hammond Hess was born on May 24, 1906 in New York City.
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Woody Allen
Birth name Allen Stewart Königsberg
Born November 1 1935
Brooklyn, New York, U.S.
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Birth name Allen Stewart Königsberg
Born November 1 1935
Brooklyn, New York, U.S.
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