The Star-Spangled Banner
Information about The Star-Spangled Banner
| "The Star-Spangled Banner" | ||
|---|---|---|
) One of two surviving copies of the 1814 broadside printing of the Defence of Fort McHenry, a poem that later became the national anthem of the United States. | ||
| One of two surviving copies of the 1814 broadside printing of the Defence of Fort McHenry, a poem that later became the national anthem of the United States. | ||
| National Anthem | ||
| Writer(s) | Francis Scott Key | |
| Composer(s) | John Stafford Smith
| |
"The Star-Spangled Banner" is the national anthem of the United States, with lyrics written in 1814 by Francis Scott Key. Key, a 35-year-old amateur poet, wrote them as a poem after seeing the bombardment of Fort McHenry in Baltimore, Maryland, by British ships in Chesapeake Bay during the War of 1812.
The poem, titled "Defense of Fort McHenry," was set to the tune of the popular British drinking song "The Anacreontic Song", more commonly known by its first line, "To Anacreon in Heaven," and became a well-known American patriotic song. With a range of one and a half octaves, it is known for being difficult to sing. It was recognized for official use by the Navy in 1889 and the President in 1916, and was made the national anthem by a Congressional resolution on 3 March 1931 (46 Stat. 1508, codified at 36 USC §301). Although the song has four stanzas, only the first is commonly sung today, with the fourth ("O thus be it ever when free men shall stand ...") added on more formal occasions.
History
Early history
)
An artist's rendering of the battle at Fort McHenry.
On September 3, 1814, Key and John S. Skinner, an American prisoner-exchange agent, set sail from Baltimore aboard the ship HMS Minden flying a flag of truce on a mission approved by U.S. President James Madison. Their objective was to secure the release of Dr. William Beanes, the elderly and popular town physician of Upper Marlboro, a friend of Key’s who had been captured in his home. Beanes was accused of aiding in the arrest of British soldiers. Key and Skinner boarded the British flagship, HMS Tonnant, on September 7 and spoke with Major General Robert Ross and Admiral Alexander Cochrane over dinner, while they discussed war plans. At first, Ross and Cochrane refused to release Beanes, but relented after Key and Skinner showed them letters written by wounded British prisoners praising Beanes and other Americans for their kind treatment.
Because Key and Skinner had heard details of the plans for the attack on Baltimore, they were held captive until after the battle, first aboard HMS Surprise, and later back on HMS Minden. After the bombardment, certain British gunboats attempted to slip past the fort and effect a landing in a cove to the west of it, but they were turned away by fire from nearby Fort Covington, the city's last line of defense. During the rainy night, Key had witnessed the bombardment and observed that the fort’s smaller "storm flag" continued to fly, but once the shelling had stopped, he would not know how the battle had turned out until dawn. By then, the storm flag had been lowered, and the larger flag had been raised.
)
Francis Scott Key's original manuscript copy of his Star-Spangled Banner poem. It is now on display at the Maryland Historical Society.
Key was inspired by the American victory and the sight of the large American flag flying triumphantly above the fort. This flag, with fifteen stars and fifteen stripes, came to be known as the Star Spangled Banner Flag and is today on display in the National Museum of American History, a treasure of the Smithsonian Institution. It was restored in 1914 by Amelia Fowler, and again in 1998 as part of an ongoing conservation program.
Aboard the ship the next day, Key wrote a poem on the back of a letter he had kept in his pocket. At twilight on 16 September, he and Skinner were released in Baltimore. He finished the poem at the Indian Queen Hotel, where he was staying, and he entitled it "Defence of Fort McHenry."
Key gave the poem to his brother-in-law, Judge Joseph H. Nicholson. Nicholson saw that the words fit the popular melody "To Anacreon in Heaven", an old British drinking song from the mid-1760s, composed in London by John Stafford Smith. Nicholson took the poem to a printer in Baltimore, who anonymously printed broadside copies of it—the song’s first known printing—on 17 September; of these, two known copies survive.
On 20 September, both the Baltimore Patriot and The American printed the song, with the note "Tune: Anacreon in Heaven". The song quickly became popular, with seventeen newspapers from Georgia to New Hampshire printing it. Soon after, Thomas Carr of the Carr Music Store in Baltimore published the words and music together under the title "The Star-Spangled Banner", although it was originally called "Defence of Fort McHenry." The song’s popularity increased, and its first public performance took place in October, when Baltimore actor Ferdinand Durang sang it at Captain McCauley’s tavern.
The song gained popularity throughout the nineteenth century and bands played it during public events, such as July 4 celebrations. On 27 July 1889, Secretary of the Navy Benjamin F. Tracy signed General Order #374, making "The Star-Spangled Banner" the official tune to be played at the raising of the flag.
In 1916, President Woodrow Wilson ordered that "The Star-Spangled Banner" be played at military and other appropriate occasions. Although the playing of the song two years later during the seventh-inning stretch of the 1918 World Series is often noted as the first instance that the Anthem was played at a baseball game, evidence shows that the "Star-Spangled Banner" was performed as early as 1897 at Opening Day ceremonies in Philadelphia and then more regularly at the Polo Grounds in New York City beginning in 1898. Today, the anthem is performed before the beginning of all NBA, NHL, MLB and NFL games, as well as in a pre-race ceremonies portion of every NASCAR race.
On 3 November 1929, Robert Ripley drew a panel in his syndicated cartoon, Ripley's Believe it or Not!, saying "Believe It or Not, America has no national anthem." [1] In 1931, John Philip Sousa published his opinion in favor, stating that "it is the spirit of the music that inspires" as much as it is Key’s "soul-stirring" words. By a law signed on 3 March 1931 by President Herbert Hoover, "The Star-Spangled Banner" was adopted as the national anthem of the United States.
Modern history
In 1944 a Boston audience was so stunned and bewildered by emigré Igor Stravinsky's modernist arrangement of the piece that the police were sent to his next concert with orders that he desist from further performances on pain of being arrested for "desecration of the national anthem."The first "pop" performance of the anthem heard by mainstream America was by Puerto Rican singer and guitarist Jose Feliciano. He shocked the crowd at Tiger Stadium in Detroit and the rest of America when he strummed a slow, bluesy rendition of the national anthem before Game Five of the 1968 World Series between Detroit and St. Louis. This rendition started contemporary "Star-Spangled Banner" controversies. The response from many in Vietnam-era America was generally negative, given that 1968 was a tumultuous year for the United States. Despite the controversy, Feliciano's performance opened the door for the countless interpretations of the "Star-Spangled Banner" we hear today.[2]
In fact, many "interpretative" versions of the anthem are held in high regard by modern critics, such as Marvin Gaye's funk-influenced performance at the 1983 NBA All-Star Game, and Whitney Houston's stirring, high-note filled rendition before Super Bowl XXV in 1991, which when released as a single charted at number 20 in 1991 and number 6 in 2001—the only times the anthem has been on the Billboard Hot 100. Another famous instrumental interpretation is Jimi Hendrix's version which was a setlist staple from fall 1968 until his tragic death in September 1970. Incorporating sonic effects to emphasize the "rockets' red glare", "machine guns", "bombs bursting in air" and "children crying", it became a late-1960s emblem. Most listeners believe he was simulating the sounds of the ongoing Vietnam War, taking a stand against the brutality of the war and the horrible suffering the Vietnamese people had to go through.
In March 2005, the government-sponsored The National Anthem Project was launched after a Harris Interactive poll showed many adults knew neither the lyrics nor the history of the anthem. [3]
Lyrics
)
15-star, 15-stripe "Star-Spangled Banner" flag
O say, can you see, by the dawn’s early light,
What so proudly we hailed at the twilight's last gleaming,
Whose broad stripes and bright stars, through the perilous fight,
O’er the ramparts we watched, were so gallantly streaming?
And the rockets’ red glare, the bombs bursting in air,
Gave proof through the night that our flag was still there.
O say, does that star spangled banner yet wave
O’er the land of the free, and the home of the brave?
On the shore, dimly seen thro’ the mist of the deep,
Where the foe’s haughty host in dread silence reposes,
What is that which the breeze, o’er the towering steep,
As it fitfully blows, half conceals, half discloses?
Now it catches the gleam of the morning’s first beam,
In full glory reflected now shines in the stream:
’Tis the star-spangled banner! O long may it wave
O’er the land of the free and the home of the brave.
And where is that band who so vauntingly swore
That the havoc of war and the battle’s confusion
A home and a country should leave us no more?
Their blood has washed out their foul footsteps' pollution.
No refuge could save the hireling and slave
From the terror of flight, or the gloom of the grave:
And the star-spangled banner, in triumph doth wave
O’er the land of the free and the home of the brave.
O thus be it ever when freemen shall stand
Between their loved homes and the war’s desolation!
Blest with vict’ry and peace, may the Heav’n-rescued land
Praise the Power that hath made and preserved us a nation.
Then conquer we must, when our cause it is just,
And this be our motto: "In God is our Trust."
And the star-spangled banner in triumph shall wave
O’er the land of the free and the home of the brave.[4]
What so proudly we hailed at the twilight's last gleaming,
Whose broad stripes and bright stars, through the perilous fight,
O’er the ramparts we watched, were so gallantly streaming?
And the rockets’ red glare, the bombs bursting in air,
Gave proof through the night that our flag was still there.
O say, does that star spangled banner yet wave
O’er the land of the free, and the home of the brave?
On the shore, dimly seen thro’ the mist of the deep,
Where the foe’s haughty host in dread silence reposes,
What is that which the breeze, o’er the towering steep,
As it fitfully blows, half conceals, half discloses?
Now it catches the gleam of the morning’s first beam,
In full glory reflected now shines in the stream:
’Tis the star-spangled banner! O long may it wave
O’er the land of the free and the home of the brave.
And where is that band who so vauntingly swore
That the havoc of war and the battle’s confusion
A home and a country should leave us no more?
Their blood has washed out their foul footsteps' pollution.
No refuge could save the hireling and slave
From the terror of flight, or the gloom of the grave:
And the star-spangled banner, in triumph doth wave
O’er the land of the free and the home of the brave.
O thus be it ever when freemen shall stand
Between their loved homes and the war’s desolation!
Blest with vict’ry and peace, may the Heav’n-rescued land
Praise the Power that hath made and preserved us a nation.
Then conquer we must, when our cause it is just,
And this be our motto: "In God is our Trust."
And the star-spangled banner in triumph shall wave
O’er the land of the free and the home of the brave.[4]
Protocol
When the song is performed in public, it is customary for American citizens to stand and face the American flag, if one is displayed, in an attitude of respectful attention.[5] If no flag is on display, it is customary to stand and face the source of the music in the same respectful attitude of attention as if the flag were on display. People are also encouraged to remove their hats during the performance. Boy Scouts, Girl Scouts, military personnel, fire service, and law enforcement officers in uniform normally salute during the national anthem from the first note and hold the salute until the last note is played. Civilians who are citizens of the United States should salute by placing their right hand over their heart.[6]Translations
As a result of immigration to the United States, the lyrics of the song were translated into other languages. In 1861, it was translated into German.[7] It has since been translated into Yiddish by Jewish immigrants,[8] French by Acadians of Louisiana[9] and Samoan.[10] The third verse of the anthem has also been translated into Latin.[11]Nuestro Himno
A Spanish-language recording of the "Star-Spangled Banner" called "Nuestro Himno" was released on 28 April 2006. This was a few days before nationwide demonstrations on 1 May regarding amnesty. This recording was created as a show of support for all illegal immigrants in the United States in response to a proposed crackdown on illegal immigration."Nuestro Himno" used the text of the Spanish-language version, translated by Francis Haffkine Snow, of the "The Star-Spangled Banner" called "La Bandera de Estrellas." This version was published by the US Bureau of Education in 1919. This same translation[12] is on the United States Department of State's website. A reproduction of the original sheet music[13] is on the Library of Congress website.
| I think people who want to be a citizen of this country ought to learn English and they ought to learn to sing the national anthem in English. | ||
Performances
)
Crowd performing the US national anthem before a baseball game in Coors Field.
| In an attempt to take Baltimore, the British attacked Fort McHenry, which protected the harbor. Bombs were soon bursting in air, rockets were glaring, and all in all it was a moment of great historical interest. During the bombardment, a young lawyer named Francis Scott Key wrote "The Star-Spangled Banner", and when, by the dawn's early light, the British heard it sung, they fled in terror! | ||
—Richard Armour, It All Started With Columbus | ||
Professional and amateur singers have been known to forget the words, which is one reason the song is so often prerecorded and lip-synced. Other times the issue is avoided by having the performer(s) play the anthem instrumentally instead of singing it. This situation was lampooned in the comedy film The Naked Gun, as its star Leslie Nielsen, undercover as opera singer Enrico Pallazzo at a baseball game, made mincemeat of the lyrics. The prerecording of the anthem has become standard practice at some ballparks (such as Boston's Fenway Park, according to the SABR publication The Fenway Project) [17]
Musical references
The tune has been referenced in many other musical compositions.- The city of Philadelphia commissioned Richard Wagner to write a piece in honor of the centenary of U.S. independence. His American Centennial March uses a recurring allusion to "The Star-Spangled Banner" in its main theme.
- The nineteenth-century American composer Louis Moreau Gottschalk incorporated both "The Star-Spangled Banner" and "Yankee Doodle" in his piano composition The Union.
- Giacomo Puccini controversially used the opening phrases of "The Star-Spangled Banner" as a theme for the character of Pinkerton in his opera Madama Butterfly.
- The last of Leopold Godowsky's set of thirty piano pieces titled Triakontameron is "Requiem (1914–1918): Epilogue", which concludes with a full-blown romantic arrangement of the anthem.
- The paraphrase of the first stanza is used in the score of American Panorama (1933) by Daniele Amfitheatrof.
- The title tune of the 1960s musical Hair contains the lines (sung to the usual tune) "O, say, can you see / my eyes? If you can / then my hair's too short!"
- In the musical 1776 the song "Cool, Cool Considerate Men" starts and ends with the beginning bars of "The Star-Spangled Banner" and begins with the lyrics "Oh say do you see what I see?"
- In the multi-media performance piece "Home of the Brave", by artist/musician Laurie Anderson.
- In Stephen Sondheim's Broadway musical, Assassins (1991), the song Another National Anthem takes the first three notes of the Star-Spangled Banner and reverses them to form the opening vocal motif of the choruses.
- E. E. Bagley's composition "National Emblem" incorporates a portion of the Star-Spangled Banner.
- Leon Russell's cover version of Bob Dylan's "Masters of War" features him singing the first stanza in the style of "The Star-Spangled Banner."
- Supertramp sax player John Helliwell played the first part of the song as part of his improvisational saxophone solo during "Fool's Overture" on the band's Even in the Quietest Moments... tour in 1977 during the music explosion/Jerusalem section of the piece.
References in film
Several films have their titles taken from the song lyrics. These include two films entitled Dawn's Early Light (2000[18] and 2005[19]); two made-for-TV features entitled By Dawn's Early Light (1990[20] and 2000[21]); two films entitled So Proudly We Hail (1943[22] and 1990[23]); a feature (1977[24]) and a short (2005[25]) entitled Twilight's Last Gleaming; and a film entitled Home of the Brave (2006)[26]One version each of By Dawn's Early Light and Twilight's Last Gleaming deal with nuclear warfare.
Media
- Problems playing the files? See .
| The Star-Spangled Banner (1942) | |
| Fred Waring and His Pennsylvanians sing The Star-Spangled Banner in 1942 | |
| A 1915 recording of the Star-Spangled Banner as sung by Margaret Woodrow Wilson, daughter of Woodrow Wilson | |
| A 1953 instrumental recording by the United States Marine Corps band | |
References
1. ^ Bizarre Magazine Robert L. Ripley. Published February 2006.
2. ^ Jose Feliciano Personal account about the anthem performance
3. ^ Harris Interactive poll on "The Star-Spangled Banner"
4. ^ Francis Scott Key, The Star Spangled Banner (lyrics), 1814, National Association for Music Education National Anthem Project, accessed September 14 2007
5. ^ National Anthem Committee National Anthem Code of the United States, adopted April 2 1942, National Association for Music Education National Anthem Project
6. ^ United States Code, hr>000-.html Title 36 (Patriotic Societies and Observances), Section 301, Cornell University Law School, accessed September 14 2007
7. ^ Das Star Spangle Banner, US Library of Congress, accessed September 14 2007
8. ^ Abraham Asen, The Star Spangled Banner in Yiddish, 1943, Joe Fishstein Collection of Yiddish Poetry, McGill University Digital Collections Programme, accessed September 14 2007
9. ^ David Émile Marcantel, La Bannière Étoilée on Musique Acadienne, accessed September 14 2007
10. ^ The Samoa News reporting of a Samoan version
11. ^ Christopher M. Brunelle, Third Verse in Latin, 1999
12. ^ Francis Haffkine Snow, La Bandera de Estrellas (lyrics), 1919, United States Department of State Bureau of International Information Programs, accessed September 14 2007
13. ^ Francis Haffkine Snow, La Bandera de las Estrellas (sheet music), 1919, US Library of Congress, accessed September 14 2007
14. ^ Jeannine Aversa, "Bush Says Anthem Should Be in English", Breitbart.com, April 28 2006, accessed September 14 2007
15. ^ Peter Baker, "Administration Is Singing More Than One Tune on Spanish Version of Anthem", Washington Post, May 3 2006, accessed September 14 2007
16. ^ The city council of Solana Beach, California unanimously passed a resolution calling for G major to be the anthem's official key "when audiences are asked to sing it" on June 15 2004.
17. ^ Red Sox Connection The Fenway Project - Part One. Published May 2004
18. ^ Dawn's Early Light (2000) on the Internet Movie Database, accessed September 14 2007
19. ^ Dawn's Early Light (2005) on the Internet Movie Database, accessed September 14 2007
20. ^ Dawn's Early Light TV (1990) on the Internet Movie Database, accessed September 14 2007
21. ^ Dawn's Early Light TV (2000) on the Internet Movie Database, accessed September 14 2007
22. ^ So Proudly We Hail (1943) on the Internet Movie Database, accessed September 14 2007
23. ^ So Proudly We Hail (1990) on the Internet Movie Database, accessed September 14 2007
24. ^ Twilight's Last Gleaming (1977) on the Internet Movie Database, accessed September 14 2007
25. ^ Twilight's Last Gleaming (2005) on the Internet Movie Database, accessed September 14 2007
26. ^ Home of the Brave (2006) on the Internet Movie Database, accessed September 14 2007
2. ^ Jose Feliciano Personal account about the anthem performance
3. ^ Harris Interactive poll on "The Star-Spangled Banner"
4. ^ Francis Scott Key, The Star Spangled Banner (lyrics), 1814, National Association for Music Education National Anthem Project, accessed September 14 2007
5. ^ National Anthem Committee National Anthem Code of the United States, adopted April 2 1942, National Association for Music Education National Anthem Project
6. ^ United States Code, hr>000-.html Title 36 (Patriotic Societies and Observances), Section 301, Cornell University Law School, accessed September 14 2007
7. ^ Das Star Spangle Banner, US Library of Congress, accessed September 14 2007
8. ^ Abraham Asen, The Star Spangled Banner in Yiddish, 1943, Joe Fishstein Collection of Yiddish Poetry, McGill University Digital Collections Programme, accessed September 14 2007
9. ^ David Émile Marcantel, La Bannière Étoilée on Musique Acadienne, accessed September 14 2007
10. ^ The Samoa News reporting of a Samoan version
11. ^ Christopher M. Brunelle, Third Verse in Latin, 1999
12. ^ Francis Haffkine Snow, La Bandera de Estrellas (lyrics), 1919, United States Department of State Bureau of International Information Programs, accessed September 14 2007
13. ^ Francis Haffkine Snow, La Bandera de las Estrellas (sheet music), 1919, US Library of Congress, accessed September 14 2007
14. ^ Jeannine Aversa, "Bush Says Anthem Should Be in English", Breitbart.com, April 28 2006, accessed September 14 2007
15. ^ Peter Baker, "Administration Is Singing More Than One Tune on Spanish Version of Anthem", Washington Post, May 3 2006, accessed September 14 2007
16. ^ The city council of Solana Beach, California unanimously passed a resolution calling for G major to be the anthem's official key "when audiences are asked to sing it" on June 15 2004.
17. ^ Red Sox Connection The Fenway Project - Part One. Published May 2004
18. ^ Dawn's Early Light (2000) on the Internet Movie Database, accessed September 14 2007
19. ^ Dawn's Early Light (2005) on the Internet Movie Database, accessed September 14 2007
20. ^ Dawn's Early Light TV (1990) on the Internet Movie Database, accessed September 14 2007
21. ^ Dawn's Early Light TV (2000) on the Internet Movie Database, accessed September 14 2007
22. ^ So Proudly We Hail (1943) on the Internet Movie Database, accessed September 14 2007
23. ^ So Proudly We Hail (1990) on the Internet Movie Database, accessed September 14 2007
24. ^ Twilight's Last Gleaming (1977) on the Internet Movie Database, accessed September 14 2007
25. ^ Twilight's Last Gleaming (2005) on the Internet Movie Database, accessed September 14 2007
26. ^ Home of the Brave (2006) on the Internet Movie Database, accessed September 14 2007
External links
- Library of Congress article
- National Museum of American History article
- Maryland Online Encyclopedia article
- British Attack on Ft. McHenry Launched from Bermuda
- Encyclopedia Smithsonian article on "The Star-Spangled Banner"
- "Star-Mangled Banner: A look at some controversial, and botched, renditions of our national anthem"
- "The Star-Spangled Banner" by John A. Carpenter
- "Stars and Stripes Forever" City Pages, July 4, 2001
- "The Toughest 2 Minutes"
- : Free scores at the International Music Score Library Project.
National anthems of North and Central America |
|---|
French: Guadeloupe Martinique Saint-Barthlemy Saint Martin Saint Pierre and Miquelon Netherlands: Aruba Netherlands Antilles United Kingdom: Anguilla Bermuda British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Montserrat Turks and Caicos Islands United States: Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands |
National anthems of Oceania and the Pacific Islands |
|---|
|
Writer(s) Francis Scott Key
Composer(s) John Stafford Smith
"The Star-Spangled Banner" is the national anthem of the United States, with lyrics written in 1814 by Francis Scott Key.
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Composer(s) John Stafford Smith
"The Star-Spangled Banner" is the national anthem of the United States, with lyrics written in 1814 by Francis Scott Key.
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Motto
"In God We Trust" (since 1956)
"E Pluribus Unum" ("From Many, One"; Latin, traditional)
Anthem
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"In God We Trust" (since 1956)
"E Pluribus Unum" ("From Many, One"; Latin, traditional)
Anthem
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A songwriter is someone who writes the lyrics to songs, the musical composition or melody to songs, or both. That is to say, a songwriter is a lyricist, a composer, or both.
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Francis Scott Key (August 1, 1779 – January 11, 1843) was an American lawyer, an author, and an amateur poet who wrote the words to the United States national anthem, "The Star-Spangled Banner".
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composer is a person who writes music. The term refers particularly to someone who writes music in some type of musical notation, thus allowing others to perform the music. This distinguishes the composer from a musician who improvises or plays a musical instrument.
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John Stafford Smith (March 30, 1750 – September 21, 1836) was an English composer born in Gloucester, church organist, and early musicologist. He was one of the first serious collectors of manuscripts of works by Johann Sebastian Bach.
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- For the Radiohead song, see "The National Anthem".
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Motto
"In God We Trust" (since 1956)
"E Pluribus Unum" ("From Many, One"; Latin, traditional)
Anthem
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"In God We Trust" (since 1956)
"E Pluribus Unum" ("From Many, One"; Latin, traditional)
Anthem
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Francis Scott Key (August 1, 1779 – January 11, 1843) was an American lawyer, an author, and an amateur poet who wrote the words to the United States national anthem, "The Star-Spangled Banner".
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A poet is a person who writes poetry. This is usually influenced by a cultural and intellectual tradition. Some consider the best poetry to be, to some extent, and universal, and to address issues common to all humanity; others are more absorbed by its particular, personal and
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Fort McHenry, in Baltimore, Maryland, is a star shaped fort best known for its role in the War of 1812, when it successfully defended Baltimore Harbor from an attack by the British navy in Chesapeake Bay.
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Nickname: Charm City,[1] Mob Town,[2][3] B-more, Crabtown, The City of Firsts
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Nickname: Charm City,[1] Mob Town,[2][3] B-more, Crabtown, The City of Firsts
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State of Maryland
Flag of Maryland Seal
Nickname(s): Old Line State; Free State
Motto(s): Fatti maschii, parole femine
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Chesapeake Bay is the largest estuary in the United States. It lies off the Atlantic Ocean, surrounded by Maryland and Virginia. The Chesapeake Bay's watershed covers 64,299 square miles (166534 km)
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Regular Army: 35,800
•Rangers: 3,049
•Militia: 458,463*
•US Navy & US Marines: (at start of war):
•Frigates:6
•Other vessels: 14
•Indigenous peoples •
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Regular Army: 35,800
•Rangers: 3,049
•Militia: 458,463*
•US Navy & US Marines: (at start of war):
•Frigates:6
•Other vessels: 14
•Indigenous peoples •
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"The Anacreontic Song" was the official song of the Anacreontic Society, an 18th-century club of amateur musicians in London who gathered regularly to perform concerts. The song is commonly (albeit incorrectly) referred to as "To Anacreon in Heaven", which is not the title, but
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patriotic song is a song that demonstrates love for one's country. It may have words, or it may be simply instrumental; it may be an official national anthem or may not be. It is often sung on holidays.
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United States Navy (USN) is the branch of the United States armed forces responsible for conducting naval operations. The U.S. Navy currently has over 340,000 personnel on active duty and nearly 128,000 in the Navy Reserve.
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United States Congress
Type Bicameral
Houses Senate
House of Representatives
President of the Senate
President pro tempore Dick Cheney, (R)
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President pro tempore Dick Cheney, (R)
since January 20, 2001
Robert C.
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resolution is a written motion adopted by a deliberative body. The substance of the resolution can be anything that can normally be proposed as a motion. For long or important motions, though, it is often better to have them written out so that discussion is easier or so that it
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March 3 is the 1st day of the year (2nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. There are 0 days remaining.
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Events
- 1431 - Eugene IV becomes Pope.
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19th century - 20th century - 21st century
1900s 1910s 1920s - 1930s - 1940s 1950s 1960s
1928 1929 1930 - 1931 - 1932 1933 1934
Year 1931 (MCMXXXI
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1900s 1910s 1920s - 1930s - 1940s 1950s 1960s
1928 1929 1930 - 1931 - 1932 1933 1934
Year 1931 (MCMXXXI
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The United States Code (U.S.C.) is a compilation and codification of the general and permanent federal law of the United States.
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Codification process
The official text of an Act of Congress is that of the "enrolled bill" (traditionally printed on parchment)..... Click the link for more information.
In poetry, a 'stanza' is a unit within a larger poem. (The term means "room" in Italian.) In modern poetry, the term is often equivalent with strophe; in popular vocal music, a stanza is typically referred to as a "verse" (as distinct from the refrain, or "chorus").
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