Moldova. Although not recognised by any state or international organisation and de jure a part of Moldova, it is de facto an independent^[2][3][4]state called the Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic.

Transnistria is located within the internationally recognised borders of Moldova mostly to the east of the Dniester river. It declared itself separate from Moldavian SSR as the Pridnestrovian Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic on September 2, 1990 though this move was not recognised within the USSR itself. After the collapse of the USSR Transnistria declared independence leading to the war with Moldova that started in March, 1992 and was concluded by the ceasefire of July, 1992. The ceasefire has held however the territory's political status remains undetermined and Transnistria has been de facto independent since that time.

Overview

Although the PMR does not have such legal status within Moldova, it functions like a state, and is organized as a republic.^[5]

Transnistria declared independence from Moldova, but within the Soviet Union on September 2, 1990, as the Pridnestrovian Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic. This was declared to be “lacking legal basis” by then-Soviet PresidentMikhail Gorbachov and the decision to create the PMSSR was annulled by presidential decree on December 22, 1990.^[6][7]

After the dissolution of the Soviet Union, in March 1992, a war between Moldovan and Transnistrian separatist forces started in the region. In mid April 1992, in accordance with the agreements concerning the split of the military equipment of the former Soviet Union, negotiated between the former 15 republics in the previous months, Moldova created its own Defense Ministry. According to the decree of its creation, most of the 14th Soviet Army's military equipment was to be retained by Moldova.^[8] Volunteers came from Russia and Ukraine to help the separatist side ("Cossack Companies").^[9] The former Soviet 14^th Guards Army entered the conflict in its final stage, opening fire against Moldovan forces;^[10] since then, Moldova has exercised no effective control or influence on PMR authorities. A three-party (Russia, Moldova, PMR) Joint Control Commission supervises the security arrangements in the de-militarized zone, comprising 20 localities on both sides of the river.

Transnistria functions as a presidential republic, with its own government and parliament. Its authorities have adopted a constitution, flag, a national anthem, and a coat of arms. They organized and maintain a military and a police force. They have a postal system and stamps. Their stamps, though not internationally recognized, are of value to collectors.^[11] Transnistrian institutions, like the state itself, have no international recognition. Nonetheless, the population is able to travel (normally without difficulty) in and out of the territory under PMR control to neighboring Moldovan-controlled territory, Ukraine, and on to Russia, by road or (when service is not interrupted by political tensions) on two international trains, the year-round Moscow-Chişinău, and the seasonal Saratov-Varna.^[12] International air travellers rely on the airport in Chisanau, the Moldovan capital.

Despite the fact that when Moldova proclaimed its independence, the majority of Transnistrian territorry was already controlled by separatists, 400,000 Transnistrians (the majority of the population) took Moldovan citizenship by 2007.^[13].

A 1,200-strong Russian military contingent (the Operational Group of Russian Forces in Moldova of the Moscow Military District), as well as over 20,000 tons of Russian-owned weapons and munition are present in Transnistria.^[14] The Russian contingent was originally the Soviet 14th Guards Army, but in the late 1990s it was redesignated as a Operational Group. Moldova and the OSCE demand their withdrawal. According to a verdict issued by European Court of Human Rights, the presence of these troops is illegal (breaking the July 21 1992 agreement), and Transnistria is "under the effective authority or at least decisive influence of Russia".^[15]

Transnistria is sometimes compared with Nagorno-Karabakh, Abkhazia and South Ossetia. All four are post-Soviet frozen conflicts, and except for Nagorno-Karabakh, the tensions in these areas have risen to large-scale military conflict after the independence of Moldova and Georgia from the Soviet Union, while Russian troops and/or volunteers from Russia were largely present.^[16][17]

Names

Main article: Names for Transnistria

It is known in English as Transnistria (which is also the name of the region in Romanian), Trans-Dniester^[18] or Transdniestria^[19]. Its formal long name is its name in RussianPridnestróvskaia Moldávskaia Respública (Moldovan: Република Молдовеняскэ Нистрянэ, Russian: Приднестровская Молдавская Республика, Ukrainian: Придністровська Молдавська Республіка, ПМР, English: Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic), as used by the breakaway Transnistrian authorities. This is abbreviated PMR. The short form of this name is Pridnestrovie (transliteration of the Russian "Приднестровье").^[20]

Etymologically, all the names come down to similar spelling variants of Transnistria, meaning "beyond the river Dniester", or Pridnestrovie, meaning "by the river Dniester".

In a strict geographical sense, the terms "Transnistria" and "PMR" are not synonymous, since the city of Tighina and three communes from the Căuşeni district situated near Tighina, which are in the security zone, but under PMR administrative control, are situated on the right bank of the Dniester and thus not geographically in Transnistria. Breakaway authorities show on their maps these, as well as two more villages of the same district but not under their administration, as belonging to Transnistria. On the other hand, nine villages on the left bank (and thus geographically in Transnistria) have remained under the Moldovan control and administration. These villages are shown by the breakaway authorities on their maps as belonging to them.

Geography

Main article: List of places in Transnistria

Main article:

See also Border issues

Transnistria is landlocked and borders Bessarabia (i.e. the rest of Moldova, for 411 km) to the West, and Ukraine (for 405 km) to the East. It is a narrow valley stretching in the North-South direction along the bank of the Dniester River, which forms a natural boundary along most of the border with (the rest of) Moldova. Tiraspol, the capital and largest city of Transnistria, has 159,163 inhabitants.

The territory of Transnistria is mostly, but not completely coincident with the left (eastern) bank of Moldova (with respect to Dniester). It includes ten cities and towns, and 69 communes, with a totality of 147 localities (counting the unincorporated ones as well). Ten localities on the left bank are controlled by the Moldovan government, as part of the Dubăsari district. They are situated north and south of the city of Dubăsari, which itself is under Transnistrian control.

On the west bank, the city of Bender/Bendery/Tighina and six villages to its south and south-east, roughly opposite Tiraspol, are controlled by Transnistrian authorities.

The ten localities controlled by the Moldovan authorities on the eastern bank, the city of Dubăsari (situated on the eastern bank and controlled by Tiraspol), the seven localities controlled by the Transnistrian authorities on the western bank, as well as two (Varniţa and Copanca) on the same bank under Chişinău control form a security zone. The security situation inside it is subject to the Joint Control Commission rulings.

The main transportation route in Transnistria is the road Tiraspol-Dubăsari-Rîbniţa. North and south of Dubăsari it passes through the lands of the villages controlled by the central government (Doroţcaia, Cocieri, Roghi, while Vasilievca is entirely situated east of the road). Conflict erupted on several occasions when the Tiraspol authorities prevented the villagers from reaching their farmland east of the road.^[21][22][23]

Administrative subdivisions

Transnistria is subdivided into five raions (Russian names are listed in parantheses):

• Camenca (Кáменка, Kamenka)
• Dubăsari (Дубоссáры, Dubossary)
• Grigoriopol (Григориóполь)
• Rîbniţa (Рыбница, Rybnitsa)
• Slobozia (Слободзéя)

and one (two) municipalities:

• Tighina (Бендéры, Bender or Bendery), officially a separate municipality from Transnistria
• Tiraspol (Тирáсполь)

Political status

Main article: Disputed status of Transnistria

Transnistria is internationally recognised as being a legal part of the Republic of Moldova, although de facto control is exercised by its internationally unrecognised government which declared independence from Moldova as the Pridnestrovskaia Moldavskaia Respublica or Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic (PMR), in 1990 with Tiraspol as its declared capital. Prior to unification of the territory with Moldova in 1940, Tiraspol was the capital of the Moldavian ASSR, an autonomous republic within Ukrainian SSR, which existed from 1924 to 1940.

Although exercising no direct control over the territory, the Moldovan government passed the "Law on Basic Provisions of the Special Legal Status of Localities from the Left Bank of the Dniester" on July 22, 2005, which established Transnistria as a separate territorial unit within the Republic of Moldova, which can be given a status of a large autonomy. The law was passed without any prior consultation with the de facto government in Transnistria, which felt that it was a provocation and has since ignored it.

Russia has opened a consulate in Tiraspol (against the will of Moldova) and issued about 80,000 passports to Transnistrians by the end of 2006.^[24]

There are unsettled border issues between the PMR and Moldova. Nine villages from the Dubăsari district, including Cocieri and Doroţcaia which geographically belong to Transnistria, have been under the control of the central government of Moldova after the involvement of local inhabitants on the side of Moldovan forces during the War of Transnistria. These villages along with Varniţa and Copanca, near Tighina and Tiraspol, are claimed by the PMR. One city and six villages on the west bank are controlled by the Transnistrian authorities, but are considered by Moldova as a separate municipality (Tigina and two villages), or part of the Căuşeni district (four villages).

Tense situations have periodically surfaced due to these territorial disputes, for example in 2005, when Transnistrian forces entered Vasilievca^[25], in 2006 around Varniţa, and in 2007 in Dubăsari-Cocieri area, when a confrontation between Moldovan and Transnistrian forces occurred, however without any casualties.

According to Moldovan sources, in 13 May2007 the mayor of the village Corjova, which is under Moldovan government control, was arrested by Transnistrian police, together with a councillor of Moldovan-controlled part of Dubăsari district.^[26]

Politics

Main article: Politics of Transnistria

Transnistria has a multi-party system and a unicameral parliament named the Supreme Council. Its legislature has 43 members elected by proportional representation.^[27] The president is elected to a five year term by popular vote.

Igor Smirnov has been the President of Transnistria since the declaration of independence in 1990 and he is currently serving his fourth mandate after being reelected in December 2006. In the latest parliamentary election in December 2005 the Renewal movement defeated the Republic movement and won an overall majority, its leader Yevgeni Shevchuk becoming speaker of parliament.^[28]

According to official PMR data, only 15 of the 43 members of its parliament were born in the territory of Transnistria (including 12 in Transnistria proper, and 3 in the Bessarabian area of Tighina-Chiţcani, which is controlled by Transnistria), while 4 others in the rest of Moldova, with the remainder mainly born in Russia or Ukraine.^[29] Igor Smirnov, the leader of PMR, arrived in the region in 1987. Most of the MPs who were born elsewhere had moved to the region ten years or more before the conflict erupted. ^[30] Despite the fact that Moldavians are around a third of Transnistrian population, no ethnic Moldavians are members in the Transnistrian council of ministers^[31]

There is disagreement as to whether elections in Transnistria are free and fair.^[32] The political regime has been described as one of 'super-presidentialism'. ^[33]

Election results are considered suspicious, as in 2001 in one region it was reported that Igor Smirnov collected 103.6% of the votes.^[34] Nevertheless, some organizations, such as CIS-EMO, have participated and have called them democratic.

The Narodovlastie party and Power to the People movement faced numerous problems in 2001-2002 and were eventually closed.^[35][36]

A list published by the European Union bans travel to the EU of some members of the PMR leadership.^[37]

In 2007 the registration of Social Democratic Party was allowed. This party, led by former separatist leader and member of PMR government Andrey Safonov, is allegedly in favor of a union with Moldova ^[38]. In the latest presidential election the registration of opposition candidate Andrey Safonov was delayed until a few days before the vote, so that he had little time to conduct an election campaign^[39][40].

In September 2007, the leader of the Transnistrian Communist party, Oleg Horjan, was sentenced at a suspended sentence of 1,5 years imprisonment for organising unsanctioned actions of protest^[41].



A referendum was organised in September 17, 2006 by the PMR authorities. According to them, the population voted overwhelmingly in favour of "independence from Moldova and free association with Russia". Although the results may not be completely reliable, it is still likely that most Transnistrians support an eventual union with Russia.^[24]

Main article: Transnistrian referendum, 2006

International relations

Ukraine-Transnistria border customs dispute

Main article: Ukraine-Transnistria border customs conflict

On March 3, 2006, Ukraine introduced new customs regulations on its border with Transnistria. Ukraine declared that it would only import goods from Transnistria with documents processed by Moldovan customs offices, as part of the implementation of the joint customs protocol between Ukraine and Moldova on December 30, 2005. Transnistria and Russia termed the act an "economic blockade".

The United States, the European Union and OSCE approved the Ukrainian move, while Russia saw it as a means of political pressure. On March 4, Transnistria responded by blocking the Moldovan and Ukrainian transport at the borders of Transnistria. The Transnistrian block was lifted after two weeks. However, the Moldovan/Ukrainian block remains in place, and holds up progress in status settlement negotiations between the sides.^[42] In the months following the regulations, exports from Transnistria nosedived. Transnistria declared a "humanitarian catastrophe" in the region, while Moldova called it "deliberate misinformation."^[43] Cargos of humanitarian aid were sent from Russia in response.^[44]

Russian military presence in Transnistria

While Russian troops from Moldova proper and from the security zone were evacuated to Russia by January 1993, Russia continued to have a significant military presence in Transnistria. On 21 October1994, Russia and Moldova signed an agreement that committed Russia to withdrawal of the troops in three years "from the date of entry into force" of the agreement,^[45] which however did not come into effect because the Russian Duma refused to ratify it<ref name="DFSTATES" />. Moldovan diplomacy took advantage of the negotiations concerning The Adaptation of the Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe (CFE), and managed to ensure that a special paragraph about the removal of Russian troops from Moldova’s territory was introduced into the text of the OSCE Summit Declaration of Istanbul (1999), through which Russia had committed itself to pulling out its troops from Transnistria by the end of 2002.^[46] However, even after 2002, Russia continued to ignore the agreements made with the government in Chisinau and with the international community regarding the removal of its troops from Moldova. ^[47] President Vladimir Putin eventually signed the Law on the ratification of the CFE Treaty in Europe on 19 July2004, which were committing Russia to remove from Moldova the heavy armaments limited by this Treaty by the end of 2001.^[48]

During 2000-2001, in order to comply to the CFE Treaty, Moscow withdrew 125 pieces of Treaty Limited Equipment (TLE) and 60 railway wagons containing ammunition from the Transnistrian region of Moldova. In 2002, Russia withdrew only 3 military equipment trains (118 railway wagons) and 2 of ammunition (43 wagons) from the Transnistrian region of Moldova, and in 2003, 11 rail convoys transporting military equipment and 31 transporting ammunitions. According to the OSCE Mission to Moldova, of a total of 42,000 tons of ammunitions stored in Transnistria, 1,153 tons (3%) was transported back to Russia in 2001, 2,405 tons (6%) in 2002 and 16,573 tons (39%) in 2003. Removal of troops has been stalled afterwards. ^[49] Andrei Stratan, the Minister of Foreign Affairs of Moldova stated in his speech during the 12th OSCE Ministerial Council Meeting in Sofia on December 6-December 7, 2004 that "The presence of Russian troops on the territory of the Republic of Moldova is against the political will of Moldovan constitutional authorities and defies the unanimously recognized international norms and principles, being qualified by Moldovan authorities as a foreign military occupation illegally deployed on the territory of the state[…]"^[50]Mihai Gribincea, "Russian troops in Transnistria – a threat to the security of the Republic of Moldova", Institute of Political and Military Studies, Chişinău, Moldova Russia continues to 'sustain the Dniestr region as a quasi-independent entity through direct and indirect means' ^[33]

History

Main article: History of Transnistria

Antiquity and Middle Ages

The area where Transnistria is now located has been inhabited by Indo-European tribes for millennia, being a borderland between Dacia and Scythia. The Ancient GreekMiletians founded about 600 BC a colony named Tyras, situated on the right bank, in the mouth of the Dniester river (Tyras), on the site of the present day city Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi in Ukraine. The city later fell to the Romans. Early Germanic and Mongolic tribes were present in the area during their invasions of the Roman Empire.

South Slavs were present in Transnistria from the second half of the 6th century. In the early Middle Ages, Slavic tribes of Tivertsi and Ulichs^[53] populated larger areas, including Transnistria, followed by Turkic nomads such as the Petchenegs^[54] and Cumans. Possibly an early part of Kievan Rus', after the Mongol invasion of Europe in 1241, the territory was briefly under Mongol control (yet probably without any permanent settlements), and later under the Crimean Khanate.

From the 15th century, northern Transnistria (current districts of Camenca and Rîbniţa) belonged to the Grand Duchy of Lithuania^{[55][56][57][58][59]}, and later to the Kingdom of Poland, which encouraged the migration of peasants into the territory from the neighboring populated areas (from north and from west). Prince of MoldaviaGheorghe Duca (1665-66, 1668-72, 1678-84) built a court at Ţicanova on the east bank of the Dniester, and one at Nimirov on the Southern Bug, last mentioned in Moldavian hands in 1765.^[60][61] The localities Dubăsari, Raşcov, Vasilcău, as well as four other currently in Ukraine are mentioned in 17th-18th centuries as fairs for the Dniester-Bug region. In 1769 a document dated at Tighina mentions the then title of the Mitropolitan of Moldavia as "Mitropolitan of Proilavia, of Tamarova, of Hotin, and of all the borders of the Danube, of the Dniester, and the Han's Ukraine"^[62], the latter being a common reference to the then sparsely populated Dniester-Southern Bug-Dniepr area.

The statue of Alexander Suvorov, founder of modern Tiraspol.

Prior to becoming part of the Russian Empire in 1792, the largest groups living between the Dniester and the Bug rivers were Moldavian (Romanian), Ruthenian (Ukrainian), and Tatar peasants.^[63] The Russian census of 1793 of the Ochakov region (southern part of the Dniester-Bug area) mentions a totality of 67 villages, of which 49 are mentioned as Moldavian and 18 as Tatar. ^[64] The first candidate for the governor of the new Russian region was the Moldavian boyar Alexandru I. Mavrocordat. ^[65] The northern part of Transnistria had Ruthenian (Ukrainian) and Moldavian villages.

Russian Empire

In 1792 the region became part of the Russian Empire as a result of sixth Russo-Turkish War. In that year, the general Alexander Suvorov founded modern Tiraspol as a Russian border fortress.^[66][67] Until the Russian Revolution of 1917, the current Transnistria was divided between imperial guberniyas of Podolia, Kherson, and Bessarabia. Most of the territory which now is Transnistria was part of the larger New Russia region^[68], hence it witnessed a strong colonization process, with a multitude of ethnicities being settled: lands were given to enserfed peasantry from Russia and Ukraine (see also Nova Serbia), and Jews and Germans were brought to facilitate economic development.

Moldavian ASSR (in orange) and Romania, 1924-1940

Soviet Union

Main articles: Moldavian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic and Moldavian SSR

Transnistria became an autonomous political entity in 1924 with the proclamation of the Moldavian ASSR, which included today's Transnistria (4,000 km²) as well as an adjacent area (9,000 km²) around the city of Balta in modern-day Ukraine, but nothing from Bessarabia, which at the time was part of Romania. One of the reasons for the creation of the Moldavian ASSR was the desire of the Soviet Union at the time to eventually incorporate Bessarabia. The Moldavian SSR, which was organised by a decision of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR on 2 August 1940, was formed from a part of Bessarabia (taken from Romania on 28 June, following the Molotov-Ribbentrop pact), and a part of the Moldavian ASSR which is roughly equivalent to present-day Transnistria.

In 1941, after Axis forces invaded the Soviet Union in the course of the Second World War, they defeated the Soviet troops in the region and occupied it. By March 1943, a total of 185,000 Ukrainian and Romanian Jews had been deported and the majority died or were murdered in ghettos and concentration camps situated in an area immediately north and east of the current Transnistria, which as the latter was under Romanian and partially German occupation.

The Soviet Union regained the area in 1944, and the Soviet colonisation of the region was resumed.

Secession to the present

Igor Smirnov

Mikhail Gorbachev's policy of perestroika in the Soviet Union allowed political liberalisation at a regional level in 1980s which led to the creation of various informal movements in Moldavian SSR. By the end of 1988 they demanded from the central authority to declare Moldovan the state language, to adopt Latin alphabet and to recognise the shared identity of the Romanian and Moldovan languages. After the alphabet was changed and the plans for major cultural changes in Moldova were made public, tensions rose between the ethnic majority and minority populations, particularly the Slavs (mainly Russians and Ukrainians) and Gagauz, who felt threatened by the prospects of removing Russian as the de facto official language. The Yedinstvo(Unity) national front, established by the Slavic population of Moldova, pressed for the equal status given to both Russian and Moldovan.^[69] The nationalist Popular Front won the parliamentary elections in the Moldavian SSR in the spring of 1990 and on 2 September 1990, the Pridnestrovian Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic was proclaimed as a Soviet republic by the "Second Congress of the Peoples' Representatives of Transnistria". On 22 December 1990, Mikhail Gorbachev, the leader of USSR, signed a decree that declared the decisions of this congress legally void. Nevertheless, neither the USSR, nor Moldova, a component republic of the former Soviet Union at the time, took any significant practical action, hence the new authorities in Transnistria slowly got control over the region.

The War of Transnistria followed armed clashes on a limited scale which broke out between Transnistrian separatists and Moldova as early as November 1990 at Dubăsari. Starting from 2 March 1992, there was concerted military action between Moldova and Transnistria. Throughout early 1992 the fighting intensified, up to the signing of a ceasefire 21 July 1992, which has since held.

The OSCE is trying to facilitate a negotiated settlement. Under OSCE auspices, on 8 May 1997, the Moldovan President Petru Lucinschi and the Transnistrian president Igor Smirnov, signed the "Memorandum on the principles of normalizations of the relations between the Republic of Moldova and Transnistria", also known as the "Primakov Memorandum", sustaining the establishment of legal and state relations, although the memorandum's provisions had diverging legal and political interpretations in Chişinău and Tiraspol.

In November 2003, Dmitry Kozak, a counselor of the Russian president Vladimir Putin, proposed a memorandum on the creation of an asymmetric federal Moldovan state, with Moldova holding a majority and Transnistria being a minority part of the federation.^[70] Known as "the Kozak memorandum", it did not coincide with the Transnistrian position, which sought equal status between Transnistria and Moldova, but was giving Transnistria veto powers, which hence agreed to sign it. Vladimir Voronin was initially supportive of the plan, but refused to sign it after internal opposition and international pressure from the OSCE and US, and after Russia had endorsed the Transnistrian demand to maintain a Russian military presence for the next 20 years as a guarantee for the intended federation.^[71] The refusal by the Moldovan side resulted in the sudden and long-term cooling of relations between Moldova and Russia, and halted further progress in the settlement negotiations.

Population

Ethnicity map. The names of the localities are transliterated from Russian language (cyrillic), not written in Moldovan

At the census of 1989, the population was 679,000 (including all the localities in the security zone, even those under Moldovan control). At the time of the 2004 census, the population was 555,347 (only localities under Transnistrian control)^[72][73].

Transnistrian authorities organized a separate census from the 2004 Moldovan Census, and therefore demographic statistics of Moldova does not include data from Transnistria.^[74].

According to the 2004 Census in Transnistria, ethnic Moldovans compose the plurality with 31.9%, followed by ethnic Russians 30.4%, and Ukrainians 28.8%. Smaller numbers of Bulgarians, Poles, Germans, Jews, Gagauz, Belarusians and others make up the rest, totaling 8.9%. 64.2% of the population belongs to some ethnic Slav group (Russians, Ukrainians, Bulgarians, Poles, Belorussians).

The ethnic composition of the region has not been entirely stable in the recent history.

See also: Demographic history of Transnistria

Religion

Most religious Transnistrians are Orthodox Christians and the government has supported restoration and new construction of orthodox churches. Transnistria's government affirms that the republic has freedom of religion and 114 religious beliefs and congregations are officially registered. However, as of 2005, registration hurdles were encountered by some minor religious groups, notably the Jehovah's Witnesses.^[75] In 2007, the US-based Christian Broadcasting Network denounced the persecution of Protestants.^[76]

Economy

The Transnistrian ruble shows Alexander Suvorov, founder of modern Tiraspol.

Transnistria has a mixed economy. Following a large scale privatization process, most of the companies in Transnistria are now privately owned. The economy bases on a mix of heavy industry (steel production), electricity production and manufacturing (textile production), which together accounts about 80% of the total industrial output.^[77]

Transnistria has its own central bank, which issues Transnistrian currency, the Transnistrian ruble. It is convertible at a freely floating exchange rate but only in Transnistria.^[78]

Economic history

After World War II, Transnistria was heavily industrialised, to the point that in 1990, it was responsible for 40% of Moldova's GDP and 90% of its electricity^[79] despite the fact that it accounted for only 17% of Moldova's population. After the collapse of the Soviet Union, Transnistria wanted to return to a "Brezhnev-style planned economy",^[80] however, several years later, it decided to head toward a market economy.

Transnistria's Central Bank

Macroeconomics

According to the government of Transnistria, the 2006 GDP was $585.6 million and the GDP per capita was $1,076. The GDP increased 7.7% and inflation rate was 10.1%.^[81] Transnistria's government budget for 2007 is US$246 million, with an estimated deficit of approximately US$100 million^[82] which the government plans to cover with income from privatizations.^[83]

In 2004, Transnistria had debt of $1.2 billion (two thirds of which are with Russia), which was per capita approximately 6 times higher than in Moldova (without Transnistria).^[84] In March 2007 the debt to Gazprom for the natural gas has increased to $1.3 billion. On 22 March 2007 Gazprom sold Transnistria's gas debt to the Russian businessman Alisher Usmanov, who controls Moldova Steel Works, the largest enterprise in Transnistria. Transnistria's president Igor Smirnov has announced that Transnistria will not be paying off its gas debt because "Transdnistria has no legal debt [to Gazprom]".^[85][86]

According to Yevgeni Shevchuk, speaker of Transnistrian Supreme Soviet, Transnistria is in a difficult economic situation. Despite a 30% tax increase in 2007 pension fund is still lacking money and emergency measures must be taken^[87]. However, the situation is not hopeless and it can not be considered a crisis, as a crisis mean three-months delays in payment of pensions and salaries^[88].

External trade

In 2005, the government of Transnistria reported exports of $579.7 million and imports of $855.6 million. The trade deficit reached $275.9 million.^[89] In the first half of 2006 the Transnistrian Republican Bank reported that export decreased 49.0% and import decreased 15.9%.^[90] Over 50% of export goes to the CIS, mainly to Russia.^[77] The main exports are steel, brandy and wine, textile, and mineral products. The CIS accounts for over 60% of the imports, while the share of the EU is about 23%. The main imports are non-precious metals, food products and electricity.

Economic sectors

The leading industry is steel, due to the MMZ steel factory (part of the Russian Metalloinvest holding) in Rîbniţa (Rybnitsa), which accounts for about 60% of the budget revenue of Transnistria.^[24] The largest company in the textile industry is Tirotex, which claimed to be the second largest textile company in Europe.^[92] The energy sector is dominated by the Russian companies. The largest power company Moldavskaya GRES (Cuchurgan power station), which is located in Dnestrovsk, is owned by Inter RAO UES, the joint subsidiary of RAO UES and Rosenergoatom,^[93] and the gas transmission and distribution company Tiraspoltransgas is probably controlled by Gazprom, although Gazprom has not confirmed the ownership officially. The banking sector of Transnistria consists 8 commercial banks, including Gazprombank. The oldest alcohol producer Kvint, located in Tiraspol, produces and exports brandy, wines and vodka.

Human rights

Main article: Human rights in Transnistria

The human rights record of Transnistria has been criticised by several governments and international organizations. The 2007 Freedom in the World report, published by the US-based Freedom House, described Transnistria as a "non-free" territory, having an equally bad situation in both political rights and civil liberties.^[94]

According to the U.S. Department of State report referring to year 2006, The right of citizens to change their government^[95] was restricted[...] Authorities reportedly continued to use torture and arbitrary arrest and detention.[...]In Transnistria authorities limited freedom of speech and of the press.[...]Authorities usually did not permit free assembly.[...] In the separatist region of Transnistria the authorities continued to deny registration and harassed a number of minority religions groups.[...]The separatist region remained a significant source and transit area for trafficking in persons.[...] Homosexuality was illegal, and gays and lesbians were subject to governmental and societal discrimination.^[96]

Incidents

The chairman of the Moldovan Helsinki Committee for Human Rights claimed that 20 people were killed in the village of Chiţcani, 5 km south of Tiraspol, between 1996 and 2000. He said that no government authority investigated these deaths because Moldova has no access to the village and Transnistrian authorities do not wish to investigate.^[97]

In the best known political process, Ilie Ilaşcu was convicted in 1993 of killing two Transnistrian officials, and initially sentenced to death by Transnistria's Supreme Court, however this was repealed to a life prison sentence. Three other members of his group were sentenced to terms of 12 to 15 years’ imprisonment, and confiscation of their property. Ilaşcu was released in 2001, following a decision of the European Court of Human Rights, while the other three were released in 2004 and 2007, when they finished serving their sentences.ECHR stated the authorities have broken the right of freedom and safety to all 4 members of his group, and the treatment Ilie Ilaşcu suffered is qualified as torture. The court also ordered Moldova and Russia — which backs Transnistria — to pay the four a total of €750,000 (US$1,000,000) in compensation for the deprivation of their freedom, and for torture and inhumane treatment while in custody. ^[98]. The members of Ilascu group were forced to exile after their release from prison.

Moldovan and Romanian press reported^[99], that Transnistrian authorities had destroyed and profaned the Dragalina cemetery in Tighina in February 2007, removing the crosses and leveling the terrain with bulldozers. The Transnistrian authorities did not exhume or relocate the bodies.^[100] Representatives of Transnistrian administration claimed that this is part of a plan to improve the cityscape.^[101] The Romanian government offered to aid logistically and financially with the relocation, provided that it is performed with respect to the dead buried there, reflecting their sacrifice in the city. However, no relocation was performed, breaking the 4th Geneva convention. During the destruction process, armed police forces of the Transnistrian authorities patrolled the area, preventing the locals from approaching it. According to conflicting sourses, Transnistrian authorities plan to build a monument to Soviet solders or to all fallen solders over the leveled graves.

In March 2007 several opponents of Transnistrian regime were arrested as they made public appeals for a protest rally against the Tiraspol regime's policy^[102]. On 19 March 2007 Transnistrian authorities had also arrested Ştefan Urîtu, the leader of Moldovan Helsinki Committee for Human Rights, and two other local political activists. They were released later^[103]

According to the Moldovan InfoTag news agency, Transnistrian authorities blocked the polling station of the Corjova village, not allowing residents to participate in the Moldovan elections of June 3, 2007.^[104] At the same occasion, Iurie Cotofana, a local antiseparatist councilor was arrested and beaten. Valentin Besleag, a candidate for mayoral office in Corjova was arrested in 2 June for carrying electoral material from Moldova^[105]

Situation of the media

According to OSCE, the media climate in Transnistria is restrictive and the authorities continue a long-standing campaign to silence independent opposition voices and groups.^[106] Alternative viewpoints were stifled by widespread censorship

According to the same U.S. Department of State report for 2006, Both of region's major newspapers were controlled by the authorities. There was one independent weekly newspaper in Bender and another in the northern city of Rîbniţa.[...]Separatist authorities harassed independent newspapers for critical reporting of the Transnistrian regime.[...]Most television and radio stations and print publication were controlled by Transnistrian authorities, which largely dictated their editorial policies and finance operations. Some broadcast networks, such as the TSV television station and the INTER-FM radio station, were owned by Transnistria's largest monopoly, Sheriff, which also holds a majority in the region's legislature.[...]In July 2005 the Transnistrian Supreme Soviet amended the election code to prohibit media controlled by the Transnistrian authorities from publishing results of polls and forecasts related to elections.^[107]

Moldavian schools

Main article: Moldovan schools in Transnistria

Transnistrian local authorities insist that public education for ethnic Moldavians in their mother tongue is done using the Soviet-originated Moldavian Cyrillic, having restricted the usage of the Latin script (the norm) for the Romanian language to only 6 schools. Four schools (of the remaining six) that performed their instruction into the Romanian language.^[108] using the Latin script were forcibly closed by the authorities, who claimed this was due to the refusal of the schools to apply for official accreditation. The schools were later registered as private schools and reopened. This process may have been accelerated by pressure from the European Union ^[109]

The OSCE mission to Moldova has urged local authorities in the Transnistrian city of Rîbniţa to return a confiscated building to the Moldavian Latin script school located in the city. The unfinished building was nearing completion in 2004, when Transnistria took control of it during that year's school crisis.^[110]

"In November 2005 Ion Iovcev, the principal of a Romanian-language school in Transnistria and active advocate for human rights as well as a critic of the Transnistrian leadership, received threatening calls that he attributed to his criticism of the separatist regime."^[111]

See also: Russification

Security concerns

Arms control and disarmament

Following the collapse of the former Soviet Union the Russian 14th Army left behind 40,000 tonnes of weapony and ammunition. In the subsequent years there were concerns that the Transnistrian authorities may try to sell these stocks internationally and intense pressure was applied to have these removed by the Russian Federation.

In 2000 and 2001, the Russian Federation withdrew by rail 141 self-propelled artillery and other armoured vehicles and destroyed locally 108 T-64 tanks and 139 other pieces of military equipment limited by the Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe (CFE). During 2002 and 2003 Russian military officials destroyed a further 51 armoured vehicles, all of which were types not limited by the CFE Treaty. The OSCE also observed and verified the withdrawal of the 48 trains with military equipment and ammunition in 2003. However, no further withdrawal activities have taken place since March 2004 and a further 20,000 tons of ammunition, as well as some remaining military equipment are still to be removed. In the Autumn of 2006 the Transnistria leadership agreed to let an OSCE inspectorate examine the munitions and further access agreed moving forward. Recent weapons inspections were permitted by Transnistria and conducted by the OSCE.^[112][113] The onus of responsibility rests on the Russian Federation to remove the remainder of the supplies.

Transnistrian authorities declared that they are not involved in the manufacture or export of weapons.^[114] Mark Almond of BHHRG stated that accusations of state-sponsored weapons smuggling in the PMR appear to be groundless and politically motivated, rather than based on any verified facts.^[115]

The OSCE and European Union officials state that there is no evidence that Transnistria has ever, at any time in the past, trafficked arms or nuclear material.^[116]

Foreign experts working on behalf of the United Nations say that the historically low levels of transparency and continued denial of full investigation to international monitors has reinforced negative perceptions of the Transnistrian regime, although recent good levels of cooperation on the part of Transnitrian authorities in some areas may reflect a shift in the attitude of PMR.^[117] Also it says that the evidence for the illicit production and trafficking of weapons into and from Transnistria has in the past been exaggerated, that although the trafficking of light weapons is likely to have occurred before 2001 (the last year when export data showed US$ 900,000 worth of ‘weapons, munitions, their parts and accessories’ exported from Transnistria. However, it is also possible that these exports included old weapons from former Soviet stocks, or the export of weapon parts, rather than newly produced goods), and there is no reliable evidence that this still occurs. The report also states that the same holds true for the production of such weapons, which is likely to have been carried out in the 1990s primarily to equip Transnistrian forces.

The situation has been summed up by OSCE mission spokesman Claus Neukirch who cautioned: "There is often talk about sale of armaments from Transnistria, but there is no convincing evidence."^[118]

Personal security

Some countries, including the United States,^[119] the United Kingdom,^[120] Canada, ^[121] Australia,^[122] and New Zealand ^[123] announced travel warnings for their citizens traveling to Transnistria.

In October 2004, an international football match between Moldova and Scotland, originally due to have been played in Tiraspol, was moved to Chişinău, as Moldovan authorities were unable to guarantee the safety of Scottish supporters while in Transnistria.

On May 25, 2007, Valeri Emelianov, a Tiraspol city councillor, was shot dead.^[124][125]

In March 2007, Victor Neumoin, a local politician was shot dead^[126].

In July 2006, a bomb killed eight in a Tiraspol minibus^[127], and in August 2006, a grenade explosion in a Tiraspol trolleybus killed two and injured ten.^[128]

In April 2001, March 2004, and May 2005 there have been three isolated antisemitic incidents in Transnistria, involving a home made pipe bomb, tombstones in the Jewish cemetery of Tiraspol vandalized, and a synagogue hit with arson.

See also

• Media in Transnistria
• Crime in Transnistria

References

The references in this article would be clearer with a different and/or consistent style of citation, footnoting or external linking.

1. ^ "Население Приднестровья за полгода сократилось на 3,5 тыс. человек," Novy region 2, 7 September 2007. [1]
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32. ^ (Some) international observers call elections free, democratic Pridnestrovie.net. Retrieved 2006, 12-27
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34. ^ US Department of State, Country Report on Human Rights Practices in Moldova - 2003
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36. ^ Министерство юстиции ПМР вынесло предупреждение общественному движению "Власть народу! За социальную справедливость!" и "Партии народовластия" (Ministry of Justice of PMR warned Power to the People movement and Narodovlastie party), Ольвия Пресс, 27-02-01 (Russian)
37. ^ Council Decision 2006/96/CFSP of 14 February 2006 implementing Common Position 2004/179/CFSP concerning restrictive measures against the leadership of the Transnistrian region of the Republic of Moldova European Union Law- Official Journal. Feb 2, 2006. Retrieved 2006, 12-27
38. ^ Transnistria: New Social Democratic party wants union with Moldova Tiraspol Times. Feb. 6, 2007. Retrieved 2007, 2-19
39. ^ Tiraspol not willing to register opposition representative in electoral race
40. ^ Andrey Safonov will be able to enter the election for the seat of president
41. ^ TRANSNISTRIAN COMMUNIST PARTY LEADER RELEASED ON PROBATION
42. ^ Olvia Press: "Valeri Litskai: A situation based on pressure and threats cannot be considered favorable for the revival of contacts"
43. ^ [4]
44. ^ Pridnestrovie per-capita GDP up 17.3% despite economic warfare
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50. ^ MC.DEL/21/04, 6 December 2004
52. ^
53. ^ The Laurentian Codex of the Primary Chronicle ([5]) contains the following lines (translated): Ulichi, Tivertsy lived along the Dniester; a lot of them settled on the Danube; settled along the Dniester down to the sea, their cities can be found unto this day.
54. ^ Porphyrogenitus, Constantine. De Administrando Imperio ca. 950. Retrieved 2006, 12-27
55. ^ George Reichersdorf: "Moldaviæ quæ olim Daciæ pers, chorographia, Georgio a Reichersdorf Transilvano auctore", Viennæ 1541.
56. ^ Bronovius and Georg Werner: "Transylvania, Moldavia and Chersonesus Tauricæ'". Published by Arnold Mylius, Cologne, 1595.
57. ^ Antonio Bonfini (1434 - 1503): "Rerum Ungaricarum decades quatuor cum dimidia"
58. ^ Giovanni Botero (1540-1617): "Relazioni universali", Venice, 1591
59. ^ Giovanni Antonio Magini (1555-1617): "Geographie universae", Venice, 1596.
60. ^ N. Iorga, Românii de peste Nistru, ,,Basarabia", nr. 11/1992, page 87
61. ^ Viorel Dolha, "Totul despre Transnistria", [6]
62. ^ E.Şt. Holban, Figuri basarabene'', "Basarabia", nr.1/1992
63. ^ Andrew Wilson: "The Ukrainians: Engaging the Eastern Diaspora" (Westview Press, 1998)
64. ^ E. Lozovan, Românii orientali de la Nistru la Vladivostok, "Neamul Românesc", nr.1/1991, page 32
65. ^ N. Iorga, Românii de peste Nistru, "Basarabia", nr.11/1992, page 89
66. ^ Averko, Michael. Russia's Stance on Disputed Territories: Just How "Hypocritical" is it? The American Journal of Russian and Slavic Studies. Retrieved 2006, 12-27
67. ^ About Transdnistrea World Window NGO. Retrieved 2006, 12-27
68. ^ The Politics of State Building: Centre-Periphery Relations in Post-Soviet Ukraine, Roman Solchanyk, Europe-Asia Studies, Vol. 46, No. 1 (1994), pp. 47-68
69. ^ Andrei Panici. Romanian Nationalism in the Republic of Moldova, The Global Review of Ethnopolitics Vol. 2 no. 2, January 2003, 37-51
70. ^ Moldova Matters: Why Progress is Still Possible on Ukraine’s Southwestern Flank, Pamela Hyde Smith, The Atlantic Council of the United States, March 2005
71. ^ Netherlands Institute of International Relations - The OSCE Moldova and Russian diplomacy 2003 page - 109
72. ^ Official data from 2004 census and comparison with the 1989 census, by Olvia Press
73. ^ Pridnestrovie.net: "2004 Census: PMR urban, multilingual, multicultural" from [7] retrieved 2006, 2-24
74. ^ Trends in Europe and North America (Explanatory Notes), United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE).
75. ^ Moldova, International Religious Freedom Report 2005, released by the US Department of State Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor
76. ^ Christians Face Abuse from Corrupt Regime, by Gary Lane, CBN News, 6 April 2007
77. ^ Transnistria, Center for Economic Polices of IDIS “Viitorul”
78. ^ Pridnestrovie's own currency, Pridnestrovie.net
79. ^ John Mackinlay and Peter Cross (editors), Regional Peacekeepers: The Paradox of Russian Peacekeeping, United Nations University Press, 2003, ISBN 92-808-1079-0 p. 135
80. ^ John B. Dunlop, "Will a Large-Scale Migration of Russians to the Russian Republic Take Place over the Current Decade?", in International Migration Review, Vol. 27, No. 3. (Autumn, 1993), pp. 605-629, citing Russian Radio, September 21, 1992 in Russia and CIS Today, WPS, September 21, 1992, p. 976/16.
81. ^ Социально-экономическое развитие Приднестровской Молдавской Республики 2006 (Socio-economical development of the Pridnestrovian Moldovan Republic), statistical service of the Ministry of Economy, Tiraspol 2007
82. ^ Transnistrian parliament adopts region's budget for 2007
83. ^ Privatization will solve the budget problem PMR News, February 21, 2007
84. ^ Democracy in Secessionism: Transnistria and Abkhazia’s Domestic Policies, by Nicu Popescu, International Policy Fellowship Program 2005/2006
85. ^ Moscow's Hand Tired of Giving, Kommersant 6 Aprill 2007
86. ^ «Газпром» передал Приднестровье Алишеру Усманову, Nezavisimaya Gazeta 23 March 2007
87. ^ Shevchuk answering a question about 2007 Transnistrian budget
88. ^ Shevchuk explaining that economical situation is not critical
89. ^ СОЦИАЛЬНО-ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКОЕ РАЗВИТИЕ ПРИДНЕСТРОВСКОЙ МОЛДАВСКОЙ РЕСПУБЛИКИ 2005, statistical service of the Ministry of Economy, Tiraspol 2006
90. ^ Основные направления денежно-кредитной политики ПРБ на 2007 год, Transnistrian Republican Bank 2006
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92. ^ Tirotex official website
93. ^ Annual Report of Inter RAO UES
94. ^ Freedom House, [8] 2007 "Freedom in the World" report]
95. ^ the Government of Moldova
96. ^ United States Department of State: Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 2006
97. ^ Interview on Transnistria with Stefan Uritu, reporter Mrs Sara Еngstrum, Sweden Angstorm
98. ^ International Herald Tribune, Pro-Russian separatists in Moldova release last political prisoner, June 4, 2007
99. ^ Tiraspolul profaneaza osemintele ostasilor romani, Ziua, 3 February 2007 (in Romanian)
100. ^ Moldova azi Party accuses Tiraspol authorities of vandalism and desecration of military cemetery
101. ^ Лента ПМР (Lenta PMR. Зависть Графа Дракулы. Румынские пиарщики взялись за имидж ПМР. (in Russian)
102. ^ Transnistrian power wielding forces hold over ten opponents of breakaway regime
103. ^ Separatiştii transnistreni l-au arestat pe Ştefan Urîtu şi doi membri ai unui ONG local (in Romanian)
104. ^ Prokuratura initials proceedings on Corjova case
105. ^ Amnesty International report about the arrest of Besleag
106. ^ OSCE - Media in Transdniestria
107. ^ United States Department of State report for 2006
108. ^ Statement by the Ministry of Education, Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic, on the question of children's educational rights insurance, published by Olivia-Press on 15 July 2004
109. ^ Several Transnistrian officials were banned from traveling through EU [9]
110. ^ Ribnitsa's authorities must return the confiscated school building, says OSCE Mission Head
111. ^ United States Department of State report for 2006
112. ^ UN Report clears Transdniester of weapons smuggling; Praises transparency and co-operation Tiraspol Times. Oct 16, 2006. Retrieved 2007, 2-21
113. ^ Confidence-building visit: OSCE delegation inspects Kolbasna military depots Tiraspol Times. Nov 13, 2006. Retrieved 2007, 2-21
114. ^ PMR doesn't make weapons, experts admit
115. ^ Mark Almond: Kafka and the Arms Smugglers
116. ^ RFE/RL: Western Diplomats Say Reports Of Smuggling From Transdniester Likely Exaggerated
117. ^ UNDP: 2006 Small arms and light weapons survey of Moldova, SEESAC 1 July 2007, ISBN 86-7728-014-6
118. ^ Dumitru Lazur, “Tiraspol rockets for Chechens”, Jurnal de Chisinau, Chisinau (Moldova), 28 May 2004
119. ^ U.S. State Department travel warning for Moldova
120. ^ "United Kingdom Foreign and Commonwealth Office" - Travel Advice
121. ^ Travel Report for Moldova, voyage.gc.ca
122. ^ Australian Government - Travel advisories
123. ^ NZ government travel advisory - Moldova
124. ^ (Romanian) Transnistria.md, La Tiraspol a mai fost asasinat un politician, 05/28/2007
125. ^ (Russian) Lenta.pmr, "Лидер НДП "ПРОРЫВ!": Валерий Емельянов был хорошим депутатом, но не был политиком
126. ^ Trans-Dniester politician close to separatist leader's son shot dead (Associated Press)
127. ^ Trans-Dniester blast kills eight BBC
128. ^ Grenade exploded in Tiraspol trolley bus

External links

• BBC: Profile of Trans-Dniester
• Economist: The black hole that ate Moldova
• OSCE Mission to Moldova
• Radio Free Europe: Transdniester Conflict Was Long In The Making
• Jos Boonstra, "Moldova, Transnistria, and European Democracy Polices", FRIDE, February 2007
• Stuart Hensel, Moldova Strategic Conflict Assessment (SCA), Economist Intelligence Unit.

Local links

• (Russian) "Chelovek i ego Prava" ("Man and his Rights"), local newspaper
• (English)(Romanian)(Russian) Conflict.md, site about the conflict
• (English)(Romanian)(Russian) Moldova Azi: News from Moldova, news portal
• (English)(Romanian)(Russian) Moldova.org, non-governmental country portal
• (English)(Russian) PMR News, English-language news and commentaries
• (English)(Russian) Pridnestrovie.net, official English site of the PMR authorities
• (English)(Romanian)(Russian) Transnistria.md, English-language news and interviews
• (English)(Russian) VisitPMR.com, official tourist information
• (English)(Russian) Website of the Supreme Council (Parliament) of PMR, official site

Република Молдовеняскэ Нистрянэ (Republica Moldovenească Nistreană) Приднестрóвская Молдáвская Респıблика (Pridnestrovskaya Moldavskaya Respublika) Придністровська Молдавська Республіка (Pridnistrovs'ka Moldavs'ka Respublika) Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic
Flag of Transnistria Flag Coat of arms
Anthem Anthem of Transnistria
Location of Transnistria
Capital (and largest city)		Tiraspol
Official languages		Moldavian, Russian, Ukrainian
Ethnic groups (2005)		32% Moldavians 31% Russians 29% Ukrainians
Government		Internationally unrecognized semi-presidential republic
-	President of the Transnistrian Moldovan Republic	Igor Smirnov
Autonomous territory of the Republic of Moldova that is de facto independent
-	Declaration of Independence	September 2, 1990
-	War of Transnistria	March 2 - July 21, 1992
-	Recognition	none
-	Water (%)	2.35
Population
-	2007 estimate	537,000[1]
-	2004 census	555,347
Currency		Transnistrian ruble1 (PRB)
Time zone		EET (UTC+2)
-	Summer (DST)	EEST (UTC+3)
Internet TLD		none2
Calling code		+373  spec. +373 5 and +373 2
1	Moldovan leu used in the localities under Moldovan control and in the security zone

Geographic locale

•  • [ e] Transnistria • •  •  • [ e] Administrative divisions of Moldova Districts Anenii Noi Basarabeasca Briceni Cahul Cantemir Călăraşi Căuşeni Cimişlia Criuleni Donduşeni Drochia Dubăsari Edineţ Faleşti Floreşti Glodeni Hnceşti Ialoveni Leova Nisporeni Ocniţa Orhei Rezina Rşcani Sngerei Soroca Străşeni Şoldăneşti Ştefan Vodă Taraclia Teleneşti Ungheni Municipalities Chişinău Bălţi Tighina Comrat1 Tiraspol1 Autonomous regions Găgăuzia Transnistria2 1 Comrat and Tiraspol have municipality status but are not among the first-level subdivisions of Moldova, being part of, respectively, Găgăuzia and Transnistria. 2 The political status of Transnistria is not settled.

International membership

•  • [ e] Non-sovereign territories of Europe Dependent territories and autonomous regions Adjara (Georgia) Akrotiri and Dhekelia (UK) land (Finland) Azores (Portugal) Canary Islands1 (Spain) Ceuta1 (Spain) Crimea (Ukraine) Faroe Islands (Denmark) Gagauzia (Moldova) Gibraltar (UK) Greenland1 (Denmark) Guernsey (UK) Jersey (UK) Madeira1 (Portugal) Man, Isle of (UK) Melilla1 (Spain) Mount Athos (Greece) Nakhchivan1 (Azerbaijan) Vojvodina (Serbia) Unrecognized republics and territories Abkhazia (Georgia) Nagorno-Karabakh (Azerbaijan)1 South Ossetia (Georgia) Transnistria (Moldova) Northern Cyprus (Cyprus)2 Administered by the United Nations Kosovo (Serbia) 1 Entirely on another continent but having sociopolitical connections with Europe. 2 Recognized only by Turkey.

For the Radiohead song, see "The National Anthem".

A national anthem is a generally patriotic musical composition that evokes and eulogizes the history, traditions and struggles of its people, recognized either by a country's government as the official
..... Click the link for more information.

The Anthem of Transnistria is named We sing the praises of Transnistria (Russian: Мы славим тебя,
..... Click the link for more information.

capital (also called capital city or political capital — although the latter phrase has a second meaning based on an alternative sense of "capital") is the center of government.
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Tiraspol
View of the Dniester (Nistru) river in Tiraspol

Coat of arms

Municipality Tiraspol
Government
 - Mayor Viktor Kostyrko
Population (2005)
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An official language is a language that is given a special legal status in the countries, states, and other territories. It is typically the language used in a nation's legislative bodies, though the law in many nations requires that government documents be produced in other
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Moldovan (also Moldavian) is the official name for the Romanian language in the Republic of Moldova and in its breakaway territory of Transnistria.^[1][2][3]
..... Click the link for more information.

Russian}}} 
Writing system: Cyrillic (Russian variant)  
Official status
Official language of:  Abkhazia (Georgia)
 Belarus
 Commonwealth of Independent States (working)
 Crimea (de facto; Ukraine)
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Ukrainian}}} 
Official status
Official language of:  Ukraine
Transnistria (Moldova)
Regulated by: National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine
Language codes
ISO 639-1: uk
ISO 639-2: ukr
ISO 639-3: ukr  


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ethnic group or ethnicity is a population of human beings whose members identify with each other, usually on the basis of a presumed common genealogy or ancestry.^[1] Ethnicity is also defined from the recognition by others as a distinct group^[2]
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Moldovan or Moldavian can refer to

• Moldovans (rarely rendered as Moldavians), the ethnic group associated with Moldova.
• Moldovan (citizen), a citizen of Moldova.

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Russians
(Русские)

D. Donskoy • M. Lomonosov • L. Tolstoy • A. Chekhov
F. Dostoevsky • P. Tchaikovsky • M. Tsvetaeva • Y. Gagarin
K.

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Ukrainians
(Українці)

T. Shevchenko • N. Makhno • L. Ukrainka • B. Khmelnytsky
S. Tymoshenko • A. Dovzhenko • S. Korolyov • A. Shevchenko
Total population 44-45 million (2005 est.
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government is a body that has the power to make and the authority to enforce rules and laws within a civil, corporate, religious, academic, or other organization or group.^[1]
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The semi-presidential system is a system of government in which a prime minister and a president are both active participants in the day-to-day administration of the state.
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republic, for all other uses see: republic (disambiguation)

List of forms of government

• Anarchism
• Aristocracy
• Authoritarianism
• Autocracy
• Communist state
• Democracy

Direct democracy

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Transnistria

This article is part of the series:
Politics of Transnistria

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• President
• Igor Smirnov
• Parliament
• Government
• Political parties
• Disputed status
• War of Transnistria

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Igor Nikolaevich Smirnov (Russian: Игорь Николáевич Смирнóв), (b.
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This article has been tagged since August 2007.
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By signing its Declaration of Independence on September 2, 1990, Transnistria withdrew from the Moldavian SSR, a republic inside the Soviet Union. The declaration came after a referendum.
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September 2 is the 1st day of the year (2nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. There are 0 days remaining.

Events

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20th century - 21st century
1960s  1970s  1980s  - 1990s -  2000s  2010s  2020s
1987 1988 1989 - 1990 - 1991 1992 1993

Year 1990 (MCMXC) was a common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1990 Gregorian calendar).
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War of Transnistria involved armed clashes on a limited scale that broke out between PMR Republican Guard, militia and Cossack units, supported by the Russian 14th army, and Moldovan policemen/troops as early as November 1990 at Dubăsari (Russian:
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March 2 is the 1st day of the year (2nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. There are 0 days remaining.

Events

• 986 - Louis V becomes King of the Franks.

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July 21 is the 1st day of the year (2nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. There are 0 days remaining.

Events

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19th century - 20th century - 21st century
1960s  1970s  1980s  - 1990s -  2000s  2010s  2020s
1989 1990 1991 - 1992 - 1993 1994 1995

Year 1992 (MCMXCII
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Water is a common chemical substance that is essential to all known forms of life.^[1] In typical usage, water refers only to its liquid form or state, but the substance also has a solid state, ice, and a gaseous state, water vapor.
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In mathematics, a percentage is a way of expressing a number as a fraction of 100 (per cent meaning "per hundred"). It is often denoted using the percent sign, "%". For example, 45 % (read as "forty-five percent") is equal to 45 / 100, or 0.45.
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population is the collection of people or organisms of a particular species living in a given geographic area or mortality, and migration, though the field encompasses many dimensions of population change including the family (marriage and divorce), public health, work and the
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currency is a unit of exchange, facilitating the transfer of goods and/or services. It is one form of money, where money is anything that serves as a medium of exchange, a store of value, and a standard of value. A currency is the dominant medium of exchange.
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Transnistrian ruble
рублэ транснистрянэ
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