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Turkic Languages

Turkic
Geographic
distribution:		 Originally from Western China to Siberia and Eastern Europe
Genetic
classification:		 }}
Subdivisions:
Southwestern (Oghuz Turkic)
Northwestern (Kypchak Turkic)
Southeastern (Uyghur Turkic)
Northeastern (Siberian Turkic)

Countries and autonomous subdivisions where a Turkic language has official status


The Turkic languages constitute a language family of some thirty languages, spoken across a vast area from Eastern Europe and the Mediterranean to Siberia and Western China, and are traditionally considered to be part of the proposed Altaic language family.[][1]

Turkic languages are spoken by some 180 million people as a native language; and the total number of Turkic speakers is about 200 million, including speakers as a second language. The Turkic language with the greatest number of speakers is Turkish proper, or Anatolian Turkish, the speakers of which account for about 40% of all Turkic speakers.[1]

Characteristics

See also: Altaic languages
The characteristic features of the Turkic languages are vowel harmony, extensive agglutination by means of suffixes, and lack of noun classes or grammatical gender. Subject Object Verb word order is universal within the family. All of these distinguishing characteristics are shared with the Mongolic and Tungusic language families, as well as with the Korean language, which are by some linguists considered to be genetically linked with the Turkic languages in the proposed Altaic language family, a language family rejected by some linguists though plainly accepted in the Voegelin & Voegelin classification (1977:18-19).[2]

History

Enlarge picture
Distribution of the Altaic languages across Eurasia. The inclusion of Japanese and Korean might be controversial though accepted by most linguists since Voegelin & Voegelin (1977).
See also: Proto-Turkic language

Early written records

The first established records of the Turkic languages are the 8th century Orkhon inscriptions by the Göktürks, recording the Old Turkic language, which were discovered in 1889 in the Orkhon Valley in Mongolia. The Compendium of the Turkic Dialects ( Divânü Lügati't-Türk), written during the 11th century by Kaşgarlı Mahmud of the Kara-Khanid Khanate, constitutes an early linguistic treatment of the family. The Compendium is the first comprehensive dictionary of the Turkic languages and also includes the first known map of the Turkic speakers' geographical distribution. It mainly pertains to the Southwestern branch of the family.[3]

The Codex Cumanicus (12th - 13th centuries) concerning the Northwestern branch is another early linguistic manual, between Kipchak language and Latin, used by the Catholic missionaries sent to the Western Cumans inhabiting a region corresponding to present-day Hungary and Romania. The earliest records of the language spoken by Volga Bulgars, the parent to today's Chuvash language, are dated to 13th - 14th centuries.

Geographical expansion and development

With the Turkic expansion during Early Middle Ages (c. 6th - 11th centuries), Turkic languages, in the course of just a few centuries, spread across Central Asia, stretching from Siberia (the Sakha Republic) to the Mediterranean (Seljuk Turks). Various elements from the Turkic languages have passed into Hungarian, Persian, Urdu, Russian, Chinese and to a lesser extent, Arabic.[4]

Classification

Enlarge picture
Number of native speakers in the Turkic language family
For centuries, the Turkic speaking peoples have migrated extensively and intermingled continuously, and their languages have been influenced mutually and through contact with the surrounding languages, especially the Iranian, Slavic, and Mongolic languages.[5] This has obscured the historical developments within each language and/or language group, and as a result, there exist several systems to classify the Turkic languages. The modern genetic classification schemes for Turkic are still largely indebted to Samoilovich (1922) [1] and are mainly based on the development of *d. However, there are still many elements of questioning for which ongoing research has not yet found an adequate solution.

The Turkic languages may uncontroversially be divided into six branches (Johanson 1998) [2]:
  1. Southwestern (Oghuz Turkic)
  2. Northwestern (Kypchak Turkic)
  3. Southeastern (Uyghur Turkic)[6]
  4. Northeastern (Siberian Turkic)
  5. Oghur Turkic
  6. Arghu Turkic


With less certainty, the Southwestern, Northwestern, Southeastern and Oghur groups may further be summarized as West Turkic, the Northeastern, Kyrgyz-Kypchak and Arghu (Khalaj) groups as East Turkic.[7]

Geographically and linguistically, the languages of Northwestern, and Southeastern subgroup belong to the central Turkic languages, while the Northeastern and Khalaj languages are the so-called peripheral languages.

Members

The following table is based upon the classification scheme presented by Lars Johanson (1998)[8]
Proto-TurkicSouthwestern Common Turkic (Oghuz)  
West Oghuz
East Oghuz
South Oghuz
Northwestern Common Turkic (Kipchak)  
West Kipchak
North Kipchak (Volga-Ural)
South Kipchak (Aralo-Caspian)
Southeastern Common Turkic (Uyghur, Chagatai, Karluk)West
East
Northeastern Common Turkic (Siberian)North Siberian
South SiberianSayan Turkic
Yenisei Turkic
Chulym Turkic
Altai Turkic[15]
  • Altay Oirot and dialects such as Tuba, Qumanda, Qu, Teleut, Telengit
Oghur 
Arghu 

Vocabulary comparison

The following is a brief comparison cognates among the basic vocabulary across the Turkic language family (about 60 words). Note that empty cells do not imply that a particular language is lacking a word to describe the concept, but rather the word is formed from another stem and is not a cognate with the rest of the words in the row. Forms are given in native Latin orthographies unless otherwise noted.

Old Turkic Turkish Azeri Turkmen Tatar Kazakh Kyrgyz Uzbek Uyghur Sakha/Yakut Chuvash
PersonsFather/AncestorAtaAtaAtaAtaAtaAtaAtaOtaAta;  
MotherAnaAnneAnaEneAnaAnaEneOnaAna An'n
SonO'gulOğulOğulOğul(O'g)ulUlUulO'gilOghulUolYvul
ManEr(kek)Erkek/AdamKişiErkekIrEr/ErkekErkekErkakErErAr
GirlKyzKızQızGyzKızQızKızQizQizKy:sXe'r
PersonKišiKişiAdamKişiKešeKisiKishiKishiKishiKihi 
BrideKelinGelinGəlinGeli:nKilenKelinKelinKelinKelinKylynKilen
Mother-in-law KaynanaQaynanaGayın eneKayınanaQayın eneKayneneQayın onaQeyinana  
Body partsHeartJürekYürekÜrəkİürekYorakJürekJürökYurakYürekSüreq 
BloodQanKanQanGa:nKanQanKanQonQanQa:nJon
HeadBa?BasBasBasBa?BasBashBoshBasBasPu?
HairQılTüy/KılTük/QılQylKılQılKılTukQilKılXe'le'r
EyeKözGözGözGözKüzKözKözKo'zKözKosKör
EyelashKirpikKirpikKiprikKirpikKerfekKirpikKirpikKiprikKirpikKirbi:Xurbuk
EarQulqaqKulakQulaqGulakKolakQulaqKulakQuloqQulaqGulka:kXo'lga
NoseBurunBurunBurunBurunBorynMurınMurunBurunBurunMurun 
ArmQolKolQolGolKulQolKolQo'l QolXol
HandEl(ig)ElƏlEl AlaqanAlakan QolIli:Ala'
FingerBarmakParmakBarmaqBarmakBarmakBarmaqBarmakBarmoqBarmaq  
FingernailTyrnaqTırnakDırnaqDyrnaqTyrnakTırnaqTırnakTirnoqTirnaqTynyraq 
KneeTizDizDizDy:zTezTizeTizeTizzaTizTüsä? 
CalfBaltyrBaldırBaldırBaldyrBaltyrBaldırBaldırBoldyrBaldirBallyr 
FootAdaqAyakAyaqAıaqAjakAyaqAyakOyoqAyaqAtaq 
BellyQarynKarınQarınGarynQarynQarınKarınQorinQerinQarynXyra'm
AnimalsHorseAtAtAtAtAtAtAtOtAtAtUt
CattleSiyirSığır/MalMal-qaraSygyrSıyerSïırSıyır (Southern)SigirSiyir  
DogYtİtİtItEtÏtItItItYtJyda
FishBalyqBalıkBalıqBalykBalyqBalıqBalıkBaliqBeliqBalykPola'
LouseBitBitBitBitBetBïtBitBitPitBytPyjda
Other nounsHouseEvEvEvÖıÖyÜyÜyUyÖy Av
TentOtagOtağ/ÇadırÇadırOtaq/Chadyr OtawÇatırOtoq/ChodirOtaqOtu: 
WayYolYolYolYo:lYulJolJolYo'lYolSuolSol
BridgeKöprüqKöprüKörpüKöpriKüparKöpirKöpüröKo'prikKövrükKürpe 
ArrowOqOkOxOkUkOqOkO'qOqO?Ugu
FireOtOdOdOtUtOtOtO'tOtUotVot
AshKülKülKülKülKölKülKülKulKülKülKö'l
WaterSuvSuSuSuwSywSwSuuSuvSuUiSyv
ShipKemiGemiGəmiGämiKimäKemeKemeKemakeme Kim
LakeKölGölGölKölKülKölKölKo'lKölKüöl 
Sun/DayKüne?Güneş/GünGünəş/GünGünKoja?KünKünQuyosh/KunKünKünXövel
CloudBulutBulutBuludBulutBolytBultBulutBulutBulutBylytPelet
StarYulduzYıldızUlduzİyldyzYoldyzJuldızJıldızYulduzYultuzSulusSoldor
EarthTopraqToprakTorpaqToprakTufrakTopıraqTopurakTuproqTupraqTobura?To'pra
HilltopTöpüTepeTəp?DepeTübäTöbeTöböTepaTöpeTöböTübe'
TreeYağacAğaçAğacAgaçAgaçAğasDarakDarahtDereh  
GodTenriTanriTanriTaňry TäñiriTeñirTangriTengriTanaraTura
SkyKökGökGöyGökKükKökKökKo'kKökKüöqKovak
AdjectivesLongUzunUzunUzunUzynOzynUzınUzunUzunUzunUhunVorom
NewYanyYeniYeniYanyYanaJañaJañiYangiYengiSanaSene
FatSemizSemizKök/PiyliSemizSimyzSemizSemizSemizSemizEmisSamar
FullToluDoluDoluDo:lyTulyToliToloTo'laToluqToloruTolli
WhiteAqAkAgAkAkAqAkOqAq  
BlackQaraKaraQaraGaraKaraQaraKaraQoraQaraXaraXora
RedQyzylKızılQızılGyzylKyzylQızılKızılQizilQizilKyhylXerle
Numbers1BirBirBirBirBerBirBirBirBirBi:rPerre
2EkiİkiİkiIkiİkeEkiEkiIkkiIkkiIkkiIkke'
4TörtDörtDördDö:rtDürtTörtTörtTo'rtTötTüört 
7YetiYediYeddiYediYideJetiJetiYettiYättäSette 
10OnOnOnO:nUOnOnO'nOnUonVonu
100YüzYüzYüzYü:zYüzJüzJüzYuzYüzSü:sSer
Old Turkic Turkish Azeri Turkmen Tatar Kazakh Kyrgyz Uzbek Uyghur Sakha/Yakut Chuvash

References

1. ^ Katzner, Kenneth (March 2002). Languages of the World, Third Edition. Routledge, an imprint of Taylor & Francis Books Ltd.. ISBN 978-0415250047. 
2. ^ Voegelin, C.F. & F.M. Voegelin. 1977. Classification and index of the World's languages. New York: Elsevier.
3. ^ Soucek, Svat (March 2000). A History of Inner Asia. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0521651691. 
4. ^ Findley, Carter V. (October 2004). The Turks in World History. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-517726-6. 
5. ^ Johanson, Lars (2001). "Discoveries on the Turkic linguistic map" (PDF). Swedish Research Institute in Istanbul. Retrieved on 2007-03-18.
6. ^ This branch is also referred to as Uyghuric to distinguish the branch from one of its members, Uyghur.
7. ^ Gordon, Raymond G., Jr. (ed.) (2005). Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Fifteenth edition. Language Family Trees - Turkic (HTML). Retrieved on 2007-03-18. The reliablity of Ethnologue lies mainly in its statistics whereas its framework for the internal classification of Turkic is still based largely on Baskakov (1962) and the collective work in Deny et al. (1959-1964). A more up to date alternative to classifying these languages on internal camparative grounds is to be found in the work of Johanson and his co-workers.
8. ^ Lars Johanson (1998) The History of Turkic. In Lars Johanson & Éva Ágnes Csató (eds) The Turkic Languages. London, New York: Routledge, 81-125. [3]
9. ^ Crimean Tatar and Urum are historically Kypchak languages, but have been heavily influenced by Oghuz languages.
10. ^ Tura, Baraba, Tomsk, Tümen, Ishim, Irtysh, Tobol, Tara, etc. are partly of different origin (Johanson 1998) [4]
11. ^ Of Altai Turkic origin, but recently closer to Kazakh (Johanson 1998) [5]
12. ^ Deviating. Probably of South Siberian origin (Johanson 1998) [6]
13. ^ Deviating. Historically developed from Southwestern (Oghuz) (Johanson 1998) [7]
14. ^ Aini is a mixed language with Uyghuric grammar and Persian vocabulary, and is spoken exclusively by adult men, almost as a cryptolect.
15. ^ Some dialects are close to Kirghiz (Johanson 1998) [8]
16. ^ Khalaj is surrounded by Oghuz languages, but exhibits a number of features that classify it as non-Oghuz.

Further reading

See also

External links

  •  • [ e] Altaic languages
Turkic languages • Mongolic languages • Tungusic languages • Japonic languages* • Korean language*
Notes: *Japonic and Korean are not generally recognized as belonging to the Altaic language family. A hypothetical language family that would include both the Japonic languages and Korean is sometimes referred to as the Buyeo language family.
 •  • [ e]
Turkic languages
OghurBulgar† | Chuvash | Hunnic† | Khazar† | Turkic Avar†
UyghurOld Turkic† | Aini| Chagatay† | Ili Turki | Lop | Uyghur | Uzbek
KypchakBaraba | Bashkir | Crimean Tatar | Cuman† | Karachay-Balkar | Karaim | Karakalpak | Kazakh | Kipchak† | Krymchak | Kumyk | Nogai | Old Tatar† | Tatar | Urum | Altay | Kyrgyz
OghuzAfshar | Azerbaijani | Crimean Tatar | Gagauz | Khorasani Turkish | Ottoman Turkish† | Pecheneg† | Qashqai | Salar | Turkish | Turkmen | Urum
ArghuKhalaj
NortheasternChulym | Dolgan | Fuy Grgs | Khakas | Northern Altay | Shor | Tofa | Tuvan | Western Yugur | Sakha/Yakut
Notes: Listed in more than one group, Mixed language, Disputed, †Extinct
 •  • [ e]
Turkic-speaking nations and autonomous entities with an official Turkic language
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Siberia (Russian: Сиби́рь, Sibir); is a vast region on the eastern and North-Eastern part of the Russian Federation constituting almost all of Northern Asia and comprising a large part of the
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A language family is a group of languages related by descent from a common ancestor, called the proto-language. As with biological families, the evidence of relationship is observable shared characteristics.
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Oghuz languages, a major branch of the Turkic language family, are spoken by more than 90 million people in an area spanning from the Balkans to China.

Linguistic Features

The Oghuz languages share a number of features that have led linguists to classify them together.
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Kypchak languages (also known as the Kipchak, Qypchaq, or Northeastern Turkic languages), are a major branch of the Turkic language family spoken by more than 12 million people in an area spanning from Lithuania to China.
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Oghur languages (also known as Oghur, Oghuric, or Oghur-Turkic), are a separate branch of the Turkic language family.

Subgrouping

A tentative subgrouping results in the following list of languages:
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Khalaj is a language spoken primarily in Iran and Afghanistan. It belongs to the Turkic family of languages. There were approximately 42,000 speakers of this language as of 2000.
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A language family is a group of languages related by descent from a common ancestor, called the proto-language. As with biological families, the evidence of relationship is observable shared characteristics.
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Siberia (Russian: Сиби́рь, Sibir); is a vast region on the eastern and North-Eastern part of the Russian Federation constituting almost all of Northern Asia and comprising a large part of the
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Altaic is a proposed language family that includes 66 languages [1] spoken by about 348 million people, mostly in and around Central Asia and northeast Asia.[1]
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A second language (L2) is any language learned after the first language or mother tongue (L1). Some languages, often called auxiliary languages, are used primarily as second languages or lingua francas.
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Turkish (Türkçe, ] (help info )
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Altaic is a proposed language family that includes 66 languages [1] spoken by about 348 million people, mostly in and around Central Asia and northeast Asia.[1]
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Vowel harmony is a type of long-distance assimilatory phonological process involving vowels in some languages. In languages with vowel harmony, there are constraints on what vowels may be found near each other.
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An agglutinative language is a language that uses agglutination extensively: most words are formed by joining morphemes together. This term was introduced by Wilhelm von Humboldt in 1836 to classify languages from a morphological point of view.
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suffix — a form of affix — follows the morpheme to which it attaches. Suffixes can be inflectional or derivational.

An inflectional suffix is sometimes called a desinence.
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In linguistics, the term noun class refers to a system of categorizing nouns. A noun may belong to a given class because of characteristic features of its referent, such as sex, animacy, shape, but counting a given noun among nouns of such or another class is often clearly
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In linguistics, grammatical genders, sometimes also called noun classes, are classes of nouns reflected in the behavior of associated words; every noun must belong to one of the classes and there should be very few which belong to several classes at once.
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In linguistic typology, Subject Object Verb (SOV) is the type of languages in which the subject, object, and verb of a sentence appear or usually appear in that order. If English were SOV, then "Sam oranges ate" would be an ordinary sentence.
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Mongolic languages are a group of thirteen languages spoken in Central Asia. Some linguists propose the grouping of Mongolic with Turkic (of which Turkish is a member) and Tungusic as Altaic languages, but this hypothesis is not universally agreed upon.
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Tungusic languages (or Manchu-Tungus languages) are spoken in Eastern Siberia and Manchuria. Although it is a very debated subject, many linguists consider them to be part of the Altaic language phylum, which, if it actually exists as a genetic entity, also includes the
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Writing system: Exclusive use of Hangul (N. & S. Korea), mix of Hangul and Hanja (S. Korea), or Cyrillic alphabet (lesser used in Goryeomal) 
Official status
Official language of:  North Korea
 South Korea
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Altaic is a proposed language family that includes 66 languages [1] spoken by about 348 million people, mostly in and around Central Asia and northeast Asia.[1]
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The Proto-Turkic language is the proto-language of the family of Turkic languages that predates the separation of the Turkic peoples in the course of the Turkic expansion from ca. the 4th century AD.
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The 8th century is the period from 701 to 800 in accordance with the Julian calendar in the Christian Era.

Overview

During this century the Middle East, the coast of North Africa and the Iberian Peninsula comes rapidly under Islamic Arab domination.
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