''UFF redirects here; they are also the initials of the United Freedom Front, a radical left-wing organisation in the US.

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The Ulster Defence Association (UDA) is a loyalist paramilitary organization in Northern Ireland, outlawed as a terrorist group in the United Kingdom and Republic of Ireland, and which claim's its aim is to defend the loyalist community from Republican terrorism. Its main objective has been to reject Northern Irish amalgamation with the Republic of Ireland seeking to do so through either Ulster independence or maintenance of the Act of Union. Its military branch has operated under the name Ulster Freedom Fighters (UFF). Its terrorist activities, which have included attacks against civilians as well as members of the Provisional Irish Republican Army, were origionaly intended by the UDA as retaliatory acts for Irish Republican violence against Protestants in Northern Ireland. The UDA/UFF has also killed at least three Irish republican paramilitary members.^[1][2]

Origin and development

The Ulster Defense Association emerged in September 1971 as an umbrella organisation, from various vigilante groups commonly referred to as defence associations.^[3][1] Its first leader was Charles Smith.^[1] At its peak of strength it held around forty thousand members, mostly part-time. It also originally had the motto 'law before violence' and was in fact a legal organisation until it was banned on the 10th of August 1992.^[1] During this period of legality, the Ulster Freedom Fighters (UFF) committed a large number of paramilitary attacks, including the assassination of Social Democratic and Labour Party (SDLP) politician Paddy Wilson in 1973.^[5]

In the 1970s the group favoured Northern Ireland independence, but they have retreated from this position. The UDA was involved in the successful Ulster Workers Council Strike in 1974, which brought down the Sunningdale Agreement — an agreement which some loyalists and Unionists thought conceded too much to nationalist demands. The strike was led by Vanguard Assemblyman and UDA member, Glenn Barr.^[6]

The UDA/UFF's official political position during the Troubles was that if the Provisional Irish Republican Army called off its campaign of violence, then the UDA would do the same. However, if the British government announced that it was withdrawing from Northern Ireland, then the UDA would act as "the IRA in reverse".^[7]

In 1987, the UDA commander John McMichael promoted a document titled "Common Sense", which promoted a consensual end to the conflict in Northern Ireland, while maintaining the Union. The document advocated a power sharing assembly, involving both Nationalists and Unionists, an agreed constitution and new Bill of Rights. It is not clear however, whether this programme was adopted by the UDA as their official policy.^[8]

The UDA and politics

The New Ulster Political Research Group (NUPRG) was initially the political wing of the UDA, founded in 1978, which then evolved into the Ulster Loyalist Democratic Party in 1981 under the leadership of John McMichael, a prominent UDA member killed by the IRA in 1987, amid suspicion that he was set up to be killed by some of his UDA colleagues. In 1989, the ULDP changed its name to the Ulster Democratic Party (UDP) and finally dissolved itself in 2001 following very limited electoral success. Gary McMichael, son of John McMichael, was the last leader of the UDP, which supported the signing of the Good Friday Agreement but had poor electoral success and internal difficulties. The Ulster Political Research Group (UPRG) was subsequently formed to give political analysis to the UDA and act as community workers in loyalist areas. It is currently represented on the Belfast City Council.

Campaign of violence

The UDA was involved in some killings in the early 1970s, but most of its murders were carried out since the late 1980s. They benefited, along with the Ulster Volunteer Force and a group called Ulster Resistance set up by the Democratic Unionist Party, from a shipment of arms imported from South Africa in 1988.^[9] The weapons landed included rocket launchers, 200 rifles, 90 pistols and over 400 grenades.^[10] Although almost two–thirds of these weapons were later recovered by the RUC, they enabled to UDA to launch an assassination campaign against their perceived enemies. In 1992 Brian Nelson, a prominent UDA member convicted of sectarian murders, revealed that he was also a British Army agent. This led to allegations that the British Army and RUC were helping the UDA to target Irish republican activists. UDA members have since confirmed that they received intelligence files on republicans from British Army and RUC intelligence sources.^[11]

One of the most notorious UDA attacks came in October 1993, when two UDA men attacked a restaurant called the Rising Sun in the predominantly Catholic village of Greysteel, County Londonderry, where two hundred people were celebrating Halloween. Eight people were killed and nineteen wounded. This is known as the Greysteel massacre. The UDA claimed the attack was in retaliation to the IRA's Shankill Road bombing which killed nine, seven days earlier.

According to the Sutton database of deaths at the University of Ulster's CAIN project, the UDA was responsible for 112 killings during the Troubles. Seventy-eight of its victims were civilians (predominantly Catholics), twenty-nine were other loyalist paramilitaries (including twenty-two of its own members), three were members of the security forces and two were republican paramilitaries. Some believe that a number of these attacks were carried out with the assistance or complicity of the British Army and/or the Royal Ulster Constabulary, which the Stevens Enquiry appeared to add credence to, although the exact number of people murdered as a result of collusion, if any, has not been revealed. The preferred modus operandi of the UDA was individual killings of select civilian targets in nationalist areas, rather than large-scale bomb or mortar attacks.

Criminality

The UDA is heavily involved in racketeering and in the drugs trade in Northern Ireland,^[12] and to a lesser extent in western Scotland.^[13] The group had also developed strong links with neo-nazi groups in Britain such as Combat 18,^[14] though in 2005 the UDA announced that it was severing all ties with neo-Nazi organisations.

They have been involved in several feuds with the Ulster Volunteer Force, which led to many murders. The UDA has also been riddled by its own internecine warfare, with self-styled "brigadiers" and former figures of power and influence, such as Johnny Adair and Jim Gray (themselves bitter rivals), falling rapidly in and out of favour with the rest of the leadership. On February 22 2003, the UDA announced a "12-month period of military inactivity".^[15] It said it will review its ceasefire every three months. It also apologised for the involvement of some of its members in the drugs trade.

On June 20, 2006 the UDA expelled Andre Shoukri and his brother Ihab, two of its senior members who were heavily involved in crime. Some see this as a sign that the UDA is slowly coming away from crime.^[16] Other senior members met with Taoiseach Bertie Ahern for talks on the 13th of July in the same year.^[17]

Ceasefires

Its ceasefire was welcomed by the Northern Ireland Secretary of State, Paul Murphy and the Chief Constable of the Police Service of Northern Ireland, Hugh Orde.

Following an August 2005 Sunday World article that poked fun at the gambling losses of one of its leaders, the UDA banned the sale of the newspaper from shops in areas it controls. Shops that defy the ban have suffered arson attacks, and at least one newsagent was threatened with death.^[18] The PSNI have recently begun accompanying the paper's delivery vans.^[19][20] The UDA was also considered to have played an instrumental role in loyalist riots in Belfast in September 2005.^[21]

On the November 13, 2005, the UDA announced that it would "consider its future", in the wake of the standing down of the Provisional IRA and Loyalist Volunteer Force.^[22]

In February 2006, the Independent Monitoring Commission reported UDA involvement in organised crime, drug trafficking, counterfeiting, extortion, money laundering and robbery.^[23]

Red Hand Defenders

The Red Hand Defenders is an organisation that formed in 1998. Its members are loyalist hard-liners that oppose the ceasefire. The organisation seems to be made up of members of the UDA/UFF and LVF — all organisations that officially denounce them.^[24] Speculation remains as to exactly what their relationships are.

See also

• Ulster Young Militants
• Jackie McDonald

References

Other sources

• Steve Bruce, The Red Hand, 1992, ISBN 0-19-215961-5
• Colin Crawford, Inside the UDA: Volunteers and Violence, 2003.
• Ed Moloney, The Secret History of the IRA
• Brendan O'Brien, The Long war, the IRA and Sinn Féin

External Links

Ulster Defence Association