White People
White People cover
Studio album by Handsome Boy Modeling School
Released	09 November 2004
Recorded	2003-2004
Genre	Hip-Hop Various
Length	68:50
Label	Elektra Records 62941-2
Producer	Handsome Boy Modeling School
Professional reviews
All Music Guide http://allmusic.com/cg/amg.dll?p=amg&sql=10:dch1z87a5yvo Pitchfork Media http://www.pitchforkmedia.com/article/record_review/18356-white-people Stylus Magazine http://www.stylusmagazine.com/reviews/handsome-boy-modeling-school/white-people.htm
Handsome Boy Modeling School chronology
So... How's Your Girl? (1999) White People (2004)

White People is the second album by Handsome Boy Modeling School.

Track listing

1. "Intro" (feat. Father Guido Sarducci) – 1:08
2. "If It Wasn't For You" (feat. De La Soul & Starchild Excalibur) – 4:37
3. "Are You Down With It" (feat. Mike Patton) – 3:34
4. "The World's Gone Mad" (feat. Barrington Levy, Del tha Funkee Homosapien & Alex Kapranos) – 5:24
5. "Dating Game" (feat. Hines Buchanan, Neelam, RZA & Tim Meadows) – 3:08
6. "Breakdown" (feat. Jack Johnson) – 4:09
7. "It's Like That" (feat. Casual) / I Am Complete (feat. Tim Meadows) – 4:50
8. "I've Been Thinking" (feat. Cat Power) – 5:24
9. "Rock And Roll (Could Never Hip Hop Like This) Part 2" (feat. DJ Q-bert, Grand Wizard Theodore, Jazzy Jay, Lord Finesse, Mike Shinoda, Rahzel & Chester Bennington) / Knockers (feat. Tim Meadows) – 7:16
10. "The Hours" (feat. Chino Moreno, El-P and Cage.) – 4:28
11. "Class System" (feat. Julee Cruise & Pharrell Williams) – 4:30
12. "First... And Then" (feat. Dres of Black Sheep) – 4:19
13. "A Day In The Life" (feat. Cedric Bixler-Zavala, RZA , AG) / Good Hygiene (feat. Tim Meadows) – 5:36
14. "Greatest Mistake" (feat. Jamie Cullum & John Oates) – 4:19
15. "Dating Game Part 2" (feat. Hines Buchanan , Neelam , RZA , Tim Meadows) – 0:36
16. "Outro" (feat. Father Guido Sarducci) – 5:26

---

The term "white people" (also "whites" or "white race") has been defined as "being a member of a group or race characterized by light pigmentation of the skin"^[1] and "to a human group having light-coloured skin, especially of European ancestry." ^[2]

Rather than a straightforward description of skin color, the term white people functions as a color terminology for race;^[3] one that emerged from a racialized, European historical context.^[4][5]

Physical appearance

There is no single universal definition of whiteness. The most notable trait describing people who identify as white is pale skin, although even this trait is not universal amongst people identifying as white, for example there is an: "influence of social class to the fluidity of color/race identification in Brazil. Some authors say that in Brazil, 'money whitens'. Wealthier people with darker phenotypes tend to classify themselves and be classified by others in lighter categories".^[6][7]

Light skin

White people are archetypically distinguished by pale skin. In Jablonski and Chaplin's (2000) study, The evolution of human skin coloration, Europeans, on average, have lighter skin (as measured by population average skin reflectance read by spectrophotometer at A₆₈₅) than any other group that was measured (not all human groups were sampled for the study), and women have lighter skin than men in all human groups.^[8] While all mean values of skin reflectance of non-European populations are lower than Europeans for the groups represented in this study, there is significant overlap between populations.^[9] This observation has been noted by the Supreme Court of the United States, which stated in a 1923 lawsuit over whiteness that the "swarthy brunette[s] ... are darker than some of the lighter hued persons of the brown or yellow races".^[10]

The epidermis of light skinned people is not actually white. The underlying layers of collagen and adipose tissue are white in people of all races. In lightly pigmented people , the epidermis is an almost transparent layer of film. Consequently the epidermis allows the underlying white tissues to become visible.^[11] Blood vessels interlaced between the adipose tissue produce the pale pink color associated with light skin. Pigments known as Carotenes found in the fat produce a more yellow effect. In darker skinned people the epidermis is filled with melanosomes that obscure the underlying layers.^[12][13][14]

Most mammals have a thick layer of body hair that protects the skin from the sun's rays and also keeps the body warm at night. Chimpanzees are the closest living relatives to humans. Since they have light skin covered by hair, it is likely that our shared common ancestor would also have lacked pigmentation and been covered by hair.^[15] As human brain size increased the increase in its energy requirements would have required finer thermoregulation to avoid overheating.^[8] This may be one reason why humans have more sweat glands than other mammals, especially on the face. The additional loss of body hair would have increased the effectiveness of evaporation of sweat, and produced better cooling.^[8] Though naked skin is advantageous for thermoregulation, it exposes the epidermis to destructive levels of UV radiation that can cause sunburn, skin cancer and birth defects resulting from the destruction of the essential vitamin B folate.^[8] Consequently strong natural selection favored increased levels of melanin in the skin and humans lost their light skin.^[8]

The skin of albinos is similar to Europeans and East Asians in that it is depigmented relative to other populations. However in whites and East Asians the enzymes that produce melanin are still active and produce relatively small amounts of melanin to provide some coloration to the skin. With albinos, the enzyme that produces melanin is defective, thus they produce virtually no melanin, which produces the palest skin of all humans.^[16] Since melanin protects the skin from UV radiation, albinos have no natural protection and their skin is vulnerable to sunlight that can be tolerated by other light skinned peoples. Furthermore in the presence of more intense levels of UV radiation from the sun, the skin cells of whites and East Asians are able to produce additional amounts of melanin to tan the skin to a darker complexion, providing extra protection, while albinos lack the ability to tan.^[17][18] Albinism is very rare. For example, one person in 17,000 in the U.S.A. has some type of albinism.^[19]

Origins of light skin

Any mutation that produced lighter skin color would have been a severe disadvantage to those living under the bright African sun.^[15] When humans left Africa for less sun intense regions of the world, the selective pressure militating against lighter skin would have relaxed, this probably explains the greater variety of skin color found outside sub-Saharan Africa.^[20] Lighter skin colors may have been advantageous at higher latitudes since they allow greater penetration of the sun's UV radiation, a requirement for vitamin D synthesis. This may have led to selection for lightly pigmented skin.^[15] Scientists have identified at least 100 genes associated with pigment processing. Though African populations are relatively dark, according to a recent study they possess a greater diversity in skin complexion than all other populations. It is therefore likely that many of the alleles associated with light pigmentation were already present in an ancestral population in Africa prior to their dispersal. When humans migrated out of Africa, the lighter skin causing alleles may have accumulated in one population, either by genetic drift, natural selection, sexual selection or a combination of these effects. Since their effects are additive it is possible light skin could arise over several generations without any new mutations taking place.^[21][21]

A 2006 study provides evidence that the light skin pigmentation observed in Europeans and East Asians arose independently. They concluded that light pigmentation in Europeans is at least partially due to the effects of positive directional and/or sexual selection.^[22]

Molecular biology of light skin

Skin color is a quantitative trait in that it is varies continuously on a gradient from dark to light, as it is a polygenic trait, under the influence of several genes. Many of these genes have yet to be identified, however two genes are known that do contribute to skin color, they are the MC1R and the SLC24A5 genes.^[15] The mutation resulting in the light skin version of the SLC24A5 gene has been estimated to have originated in Europe between 6,000 and 12,000 years ago, indicating that at least one of the genes responsible for pale skin colour in Europeans arose relatively recently.^[23]

Mixed ancestry people of African-European descent who possess one or two copies of the European allele of the SLC24A5 gene have skin color that is significantly lighter than mixed ancestry people who possess only the African allele. It is estimated, based on this observation, that the SLC24A5 locus "explains between 25-38% of the European-African difference in skin melanin index".^{[24][21][26][27]}

Census and social definitions in different regions

Main article: Whiteness studies

Definitions of white have changed over the years, including the official definitions used in many countries, such as the United States and Brazil.^[28] Some defied official regulations through the phenomenon of "passing", many of them becoming white people, either temporarily or permanently. Through the mid- to late 20th century, numerous countries had formal legal standards or procedures defining racial categories (see cleanliness of blood, apartheid in South Africa, hypodescent). However, as critiques of racism, scientific arguments against the existence of race, and international prohibitions on state racial discrimination arose, a trend towards self-identification of racial status arose. Below are some census definitions of white, which may differ from the social definition of white within the same country. The social definition has also been added where possible.

Australia

Further information: Europeans in Oceania

From the late 19th century through 1973, the Government of Australia restricted all permanent immigration to the country by non-Europeans under the White Australia policy, which was enabled by the Immigration Restriction Act 1901,^[29] but not formally codified. Immigration inspectors were empowered to ask immigrants to take dictation from any European language as a test for admittance, a test used in practice to exclude people from Asia, South America, Europe and Africa depending on the political climate. Under the policy, large numbers of Portuguese, Italian, Greek, South Slavic, German, Dutch and Polish immigrants were admitted following World War II, assimilating into the country's Anglo-Celtic population.^[30] Immigration is no longer restricted to white people.

Brazil

Main article: White Brazilian

Brazil's definition of whiteness is premised on racial mixture rather than hypodescent, producing a range of historical categories for race. As a term, white is more broadly applied than in North America.

Recent censuses in Brazil are conducted on the basis of self-identification. In the 2000 census, 53% of Brazilians (approximately 90 million people in 2000; around 100 million as of 2006) were white and 39% pardo or multiracial Brazilians. White is applied as a term to people of European, Jewish and Arab descent. The census shows a trend of fewer Brazilians of African descent (blacks and pardos) identifying as white people as their social status increases.^[31]

Canada

In the results of Statistics Canada's 2001 Canadian Census, white is one category in the population groups data variable, derived from data collected in question 19 (the results of this question are also used to derive the visible minority groups variable). ^[32]

In the 1995 Employment Equity Act, '"members of visible minorities" means persons, other than Aboriginal peoples, who are non-Caucasian in race or non-white in colour'. In the 2001 Census, persons who marked-in Chinese, South Asian, African, Filipino, Latin American, Southeast Asian, Arab, West Asian, Japanese or Korean were included in the visible minority population.^[33] A separate census question on "cultural or ethnic origin" (question 17) does not refer to skin colour.^[34]

Norway

According to the Norwegian Social Science Data Service, white is a possible answer to ethnic/people group category question. After Norwegians, Sami, Kvens and other Nordics, it is mentioned as white/European. Other categories are Asian, Black/African/Caribbean and "other".^[35] Statistics Norway considers Asia.^[36]

United Kingdom

In the UK, the Office for National Statistics uses the term white as an ethnic category. The terms White British, White Irish and |White Other are used. White British includes Welsh, English and Scottish peoples, as well as residents of Northern Ireland who identify as British. The category White Other includes all white people not from the British Isles.^[37][38] Socially, in the UK white usually refers only to people of native British and European origin.^[39] People of Turkish origin in the UK do not conform to the "white/non-white" divide of ethnic minority status in the UK. In the 1991 census Turks identified as "white", though Turkey is "widely perceived in Britain to be a Third World, non-white country."^[40]

• White British people number 50,400,000 (which is 85.7% of the UK population)
• White Other people number bewtween 3,000,000 and 4,000,000 (up to 4.9% of the UK population)
• White Irish people number 700,000 (1.5% of UK population with 10% of UK having Irish ancestry)

United States

The current U.S. Census definition includes white "people having origins in any of the original peoples of Europe, the Middle East, or North Africa.^[41] The U.S. Department of Justice Federal Bureau of Investigation also categorizes white "people having origins in any of the original peoples of Europe, the Middle East, or North Africa through racial categories used in the UCR Program adopted from the Statistical Policy Handbook (1978) and published by the Office of Federal Statistical Policy and Standards, U.S. Department of Commerce.^[42]

Raj Bhopal, MD, and Liam Donaldson MD, of the University of Newcastle upon Tyne, England, have criticized the broad inclusion as “white” in contemporary classifications such as those used by the US Census and British Census. In summarizing the qualities of most of the terms for nonminority populations in race, ethnicity and health research in US and UK found that white "in practice, refers to people of European origin with pale complexions". The authors concluded that white people are a heterogeneous group for the purpose of many studies. They also recommended that "white" as an epidemiological classification (for purposes of health research) be abandoned primarily because of its heterogeneity. ^[43]

The cultural boundaries separating Caucasian Americans from other racial or ethnic categories are contested and always changing. Among those not considered white at some time in American history have been the Irish, Germans, Ashkenazi Jews, Italians, Spaniards, Slavs, Greeks and other Mediterranean peoples.^[44] Studies have found that Arab American teenagers may sometimes construct identities that distinguish themselves from "white society."^[45]

Professor David R. Roediger of the University of Illinois, suggests that the construction of the white race in the United States was an effort to mentally distance slave owners from slaves.^[46] By the 18th century, white had become well established as a racial term. The process of officially being defined as white by law often came about in court disputes over pursuit of citizenship. The Immigration Act of 1790 offered naturalization only to "any alien, being a free white person". In at least 52 cases, people denied the status of white by immigration officials sued in court for status as white people. By 1923, courts had vindicated a "common-knowledge" standard, concluding that "scientific evidence" was incoherent. Legal scholar John Tehranian argues that in reality this was a "performance-based" standard, relating to religious practices, education, intermarriage and a community's role in the United States.^[47]

The Supreme Court in United States v. Bhagat Singh Thind (1923) decided high caste Aryan Punjabis were not "free white men" entitled to citizenship despite the anthropological evidence that they were Caucasian. The decision was based on the intention of the lawmakers and the difference between European and Asiatic stock a common man recognized.^[48]

Relations with blacks

The one drop rule is a historical term in the United States that holds that a person with any trace of non-white ancestry (however small or invisible) cannot be considered white. The one drop rule is virtually unique to the United States.^[49] The one drop rule created a bifurcated system of either black or white regardless of a person's physical appearance. This contrasts with the more flexible social structures present in Latin America where there are no clear cut divisions between the various ethnicities.^[50]

During the transatlantic slave trade approximately 600,000 Africans were brought to the United States.^[51] Today there are 37 million African Americans.^[52] The first Africans arrived on what is now the United states in 1619.^[53] As a result four hundred years of living alongside whites the majority of African Americans have white admixture. Due to "passing for white" many white people also have African ancestry. It has even been suggested that the majority of the descendants of African slaves are actually white.^[54] Despite the shared ancestry that blacks and whites have in the US, the one drop rule has served to polarize the US into two racial groups. According to recent studies white Americans rank non-Americans as closer in social distance to them than their fellow black citizens.^[55]

However many are questioning the legitimacy of the one drop rule. Debra Dickerson writes:

"easily one-third of blacks have white DNA" she wonders why, in light of this, so much of the focus on tracing ancestry in the black community has focused on finding a link back to a region in Africa. She holds that in ignoring their white ancestors African Americans are denying their fully articulated multi-racial identities.^[56]

The peculiarity of the one drop rule may be illustrated by the case of Mariah Carey.^[57] She was publicly called "another white girl trying to sing black".^{[58] [59]} In an interview with Larry King Mariah said despite her physical appearance and the fact the she was raised primarily by her white mother she does not feel that she is white because of the effects of the one drop rule.^[60]

History of the term

The definition of white people has varied in different time periods and locations. Any definition has implications for areas as diverse as national identity, consanguinity, public policy, religion, population statistics, racial segregation, affirmative action, eugenics, racial marginalization and racial quotas. The term has been applied with varying degrees of formality and consistency in many disciplines. Such disciplines include sociology, political science, genetics, biology, medicine, biomedicine, human languages, cultural analysis, and legal analysis.

Ancient Greece and Rome used the term white as one description of skin color. Its light appearance was distinguished, for example, in a comparison of white-skinned Persian soldiers from the sun-tanned skin of Greek troops in Xenophon's Agesilaus.^[61] One early use of the term appears in the Amherst Papyri, which were scrolls written in ancient Ptolemaic Greek. It contained the use of black and white in reference to human skin color.^[62] In an analysis of the rise of the term, classicist James Dee found that, "the Greeks and Romans do not describe themselves as "white people" —or as anything else because they had no regular word in their color vocabulary for themselves—and we can see that the concept of a distinct 'white race' was not present in the ancient world."^[63]

Assignment of positive and negative connotations of white and black date to the classical period in a number of European languages, but these differences were not applied to skin color per se. Religious conversion was described figuratively as a change in skin color.^[64]

The term "white race" or "white people" entered dictionaries of the major European languages in the 1600s.<ref name="Dee164" /> Winthrop Jordan, author of Black Over White, argues that race emerged with the inherited status of slavery. He says the shift from Christian, free, and English to white happened in approximately 1680.^[65] Theodore W. Allen notes in The Invention of the White Race that white identity emerged in the colonies with slavery, and says that "seventeenth-century commentator, Morgan Godwyn, found it necessary to explain to the English at home that, in Barbados, 'white' was 'the general name for Europeans."^[66] White quickly became a legal category, encoded in a variety of laws and conferring different status.

In 1758, Carolus Linnaeus proposed what he considered to be natural taxonomic categories of the human species. He distinguished between Homo sapiens and Homo sapiens europaeus, and he later added four geographical subdivisions of humans: white Europeans, red Americans, yellow Asians and black Africans. Although Linnaeus intended them as objective classifications, he used both taxonomical and cultural data in his subdivision descriptions. ^[67]

In 1775, Johann Friedrich Blumenbach described the white race as "the white color holds the first place, such as it is that most Europeans. The redness of cheeks in this variety is almost peculiar to it: at all events it is but seldom seen in the rest... Color white, Cheeks rosy"^[68]. He categorized humans into five races, which largely corresponded with Linnaeus' classifications, except for the addition of Oceanians (whom he called Malay).^[67]. He characterized the racial classification scheme of Metzger as making , "two principal varieties as extremes:(1) the white man native of Europe, of the northern parts of Asia, America and Africa.."^[67], and the racial classification scheme of John Hunter as having , "seven varieties:... (6) brownish as the southern Europeans, Spaniards &e., Turks, Abyssinians, Samoiedes and Lapps; (7) white, as the remaining Europeans, the Georgians, Mingrelians and Kabardinski"^[68]. Blumebach is known for arguing that physical characteristics like skin color, cranial profile, etc., were correlated with group character and aptitude. Craniometry and phrenology would attempt to make physical appearance correspond with racial categories. The fairness and relatively high brows of Caucasians were held to be apt physical expressions of a loftier mentality and a more generous spirit. The epicanthic folds around the eyes of Mongolians and their slightly sallow outer epidermal layer bespoke their supposedly crafty, literal-minded nature.

Later in life, Blumenbach encountered in Switzerland "eine zum Verlieben schönen Négresse" ('a negro woman so beautiful to fall in love with'). Further anatomical study led him to the conclusion that 'individual Africans differ as much, or even more, from other individual Africans as Europeans differ from Europeans'. Furthermore he concluded that Africans were not inferior to the rest of mankind 'concerning healthy faculties of understanding, excellent natural talents and mental capacities'.^[69] These later ideas were far less influential than his earlier assertions with regard to the perceived relative qualities of the different races, which opened the way to secular and scientific racism. ^[70]

Immanuel Kant used the term weiß (white) in Von den verschiedenen Rassen der Menschen (Of [About] The Different Races of Humans - 1775) to refer to the "the white one [race] of northern Europe" ^[71] .

According to Gregory Jay, an English professor at the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee,

Insert the text of the quote here, without quotation marks.

See also

Caucasian race Angry white male First white child Genetic history of Europe Human skin color White African White American White Cuban White Brazilian Stereotypes of whites

White Anglo-Saxon Protestant White Australia policy White flight White guilt White Hispanic White Latin American White male White nationalism White pride White privilege (sociology)

White separatism Whiteness studies White supremacy Black people

Footnotes

Bibliography

• Allen, Theodore , The Invention of the White Race, 2 vols. (London: Verso, 1994)
• Brodkin, Karen , How Jews Became White Folks and What That Says About Race in America, Rutgers, 1999, ISBN 0-8135-2590-X.
• Foley, Neil , The White Scourge: Mexicans, Blacks, and Poor Whites in Texas Cotton Culture (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997)
• Gossett, Thomas F. , Race: The History of an Idea in America, New ed. (New York: Oxford University, 1997)
• Guglielmo, Thomas A. , White on Arrival: Italians, Race, Color, and Power in Chicago, 1890-1945, 2003, ISBN 0-19-515543-2
• Hannaford, Ivan , Race: The History of an Idea in the West (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University, 1996)
• Ignatiev, Noel , How the Irish Became White, Routledge, 1996, ISBN 0-415-91825-1.
• Jackson, F. L. C. (2004). Book chapter: Human genetic variation and health: new assessment approaches based on ethnogenetic layering British Medical Bulletin 2004; 69: 215–235 DOI: 10.1093/bmb/ldh012. Retrieved 29 December 2006.
• Jacobson, Matthew Frye , Whiteness of a Different Color: European Immigrants and the Alchemy of Race, Harvard, 1999, ISBN 0-674-95191-3.
• Oppenheimer, Stephen (2006). The Origins of the British: A Genetic Detective Story. Constable and Robinson Ltd., London. ISBN 978-1-84529-185-7.
• Rosenberg NA, Mahajan S, Ramachandran S, Zhao C, Pritchard JK, et al. (2005) Clines, Clusters, and the Effect of Study Design on the Inference of Human Population Structure. PLoS Genet 1(6): e70 doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.0010070
• Rosenberg NA, Pritchard JK, Weber JL, Cann HM, Kidd KK, et al. (2002) Genetic structure of human populations. Science 298: 2381–2385.Abstract
• Segal, Daniel A. , review of Racial Situations: Class Predicaments of Whiteness in Detroit American Ethnologist May 2002, Vol. 29, No. 2, pp. 470-473 doi:10.1525/ae.2002.29.2.470
• Smedley, Audrey , Race in North America: Origin and Evolution of a Worldview, 2nd ed. (Boulder: Westview, 1999).
• Sweet, Frank W. , Legal History of the Color Line: The Rise and Triumph of the One-Drop Rule, Backintyme, 2005, ISBN 0-939479-23-0.
• Tang, Hua., Tom Quertermous, Beatriz Rodriguez, Sharon L. R. Kardia, Xiaofeng Zhu, Andrew Brown,7 James S. Pankow,8 Michael A. Province,9 Steven C. Hunt, Eric Boerwinkle, Nicholas J. Schork, and Neil J. Risch (2005) Genetic Structure, Self-Identified Race/Ethnicity, and Confounding in Case-Control Association Studies Am. J. Hum. Genet. 76:268–275.
• "The United Independent Compensatory Code/System/Concept" A textbook/workbook for thought, speech and/or action for victims of racism (White supremacy) Neely Fuller Jr. 1984

A studio album is a collection of studio-recorded tracks by a recording artist.

It usually does not contain live recordings or remixes, and if it does, those tracks do not make up a majority of the album and are often called "bonus tracks".
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Handsome Boy Modeling School is a hip-hop collaboration between Dan the Automator and Prince Paul, producer of influential rap trio De La Soul.

History

Handsome Boy Modeling School is a conceptual hip-hop duo that parodied and acted as a commentary on vain, crass,
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20th century - 21st century - 22nd century
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So... How's Your Girl
(1999) White People
(2004)

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"Holy Calamity" is a sequel to the Dr.
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Tim Meadows

Born January 5 1961 (1961--) (age 46)
Highland Park, Michigan
Died

Spouse(s)
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Released September 2005
Format CD
Recorded ?
Genre Alternative
Length 3:33
Label Brushfire Records
Producer(s) Jack Johnson
Peak chart positions

• 73 (UK Singles Chart)

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Tim Meadows

Born January 5 1961 (1961--) (age 46)
Highland Park, Michigan
Died

Spouse(s)
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Cat Power is the stage name of American singer/songwriter Charlyn "Chan" Marshall (born Charlyn Marie Marshall on 21 January 1972). She is known for her minimalist style, sparse guitar and piano playing, and ethereal vocals.
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QBert (born 7 October 1969) is the performing name of Richard Quitevis, a Filipino-American (of Ilocano descent) DJ and composer.

Early life

Growing up in San Francisco's Excelsior District on Moscow Street, he graduated from Luther Burbank Middle School and in 1987
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Grand Wizard Theodore (real name Theodore Livingston), also known as GrandWizzard Theodore or DJ GrandWizzard Theodore, is an African-American hip hop DJ. He is widely credited as the inventor of scratching.
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