For other people named William Vernon Harcourt, see William Vernon Harcourt (disambiguation).

Sir William George Granville Venables Vernon Harcourt (October 14, 1827 - October 1, 1904) was a British Liberal statesman.

Family and ancestry

He was the second son of the Rev. Canon William Vernon Harcourt, of Nuneham Park, Oxford and his wife Matilda Mary Gooch, daughter of Colonel William Gooch.

His father was himself the fourth son and eventually heir of Edward Harcourt, Archbishop of York and his wife Lady Anne Leveson-Gower.

Anne was a daughter of Granville Leveson-Gower, 1st Marquess of Stafford and his second wife Lady Louisa Egerton. Her maternal grandparents were Scroop Egerton, 1st Duke of Bridgewater and his second wife Rachel Russell.

Rachel was a daughter of Wriothesley Russell, 2nd Duke of Bedford and the rich heiress Elizabeth Howland, daughter of John Howland of Streatham.

William George was therefore born a Vernon, and by his connection with the old families of Vernon and was related to many of the great English houses, a fact of which he was proud. In later life his descent from the Plantagenets was joked about by his political opponents.

Education

He was educated at Trinity College, Cambridge, where he became an Apostle, graduating with first-class honours in the classical tripos in 1851. He was called to the bar in 1854, became a QC in 1866, and was appointed Whewell professor of international law at the University of Cambridge in 1869. He quickly made his mark in London society as a speaker; he contributed largely to the Saturday Review, and wrote some famous letters (1862) to The Times over the signature of "Historicus," in opposition to the recognition of the Southern States as aggressors in the American Civil War.

Marriages and children

On 5 November, 1859, Harcourt married his first wife Maria Theresa Lister. She was a daughter of novelist Thomas Henry Lister and Lady Maria Theresa Villiers.

Maria Theresa Villiers was a daughter of George Villiers and Theresa Parker. Her paternal grandparents were Thomas Villiers, 1st Earl of Clarendon and Charlotte Cappell. Her maternal grandparents were John Parker, 1st Baron Boringdon and his second wife Theresa Robinson.

Charlotte Cappell was a daughter of William Capell, 3rd Earl of Essex and Jane Hyde. Theresa Robibson was a daughter of Thomas Robinson, 1st Baron Grantham and Frances Worsley.

Jane Hyde was a daughter of Henry Hyde, 4th Earl of Clarendon and his wife Jane Keveson-Gower. Her maternal grandparents were Sir William Leveson-Gower, 4th Baronet and Lady Jane Granville.

Jane Granville was a daughter of John Granville, 1st Earl of Bath and Jane Wyche.

By this first marriage Harcourt had two children:

• Julian Harcourt (6 October, 1860 - 2 March, 1862).
• Lewis Harcourt, 1st Viscount Harcourt (31 January, 1863 - 24 February, 1922). A prominent politician, better known as Secretary of State for the Colonies from 1910 to 1915.

His first wife died on 1 February, 1863, only a day after giving birth to their second and last son. Harcourt remained a widower for thirteen years. On 2 December, 1876, he married his second wife Elizabeth Cabot Motley.

Elizabeth was a daughter of American historian John Lothrop Motley and his wife Mary Benjamin. Her maternal uncle Park Benjamin was a patent lawyer and writer on scientific subjects. She had been previously married to naval officer Thomas Poynton Ives. Ives was among the casualties of the American Civil War.

By this second marriage, Harcourt had his third and final son:

• Robert Harcourt (born 7 May, 1878). He married Marjorie Laura Cunard. Their daughter Mary Elizabeth Harcourt married Ian Rochfort Johnston, a Commander of the Royal Navy.

Career

He entered parliament as Liberal member for Oxford, and sat from 1868 to 1880, when, upon seeking re-election after acceptance of office, he was defeated by Hall. A seat was, however, found for him at Derby, by the voluntary retirement of Samuel Plimsoll, and he continued to represent that constituency until 1895, when, having been defeated at the general election, he found a seat in West Monmouthshire. He was appointed solicitor-general and knighted in 1873; and, although he had not been a strong supporter of Gladstone in opposition, he became Secretary of State for the Home Department on the return of the Liberals to office in 1880. His name became connected with the passing of the Ground Game Act 1880, the Arms (Ireland) Act 1881, and the Explosives Act 1883. As Home Secretary at the time of the dynamite outrages he took a firm attitude, and the Explosives Act was passed through all its stages in the shortest time on record. Moreover, as champion of law and order against the attacks of the Parnellites, he was constantly in conflict with the Irish members. In 1884 he introduced an abortive bill for unifying the municipal administration of London. He was recognized as one of the ablest and most effective leaders of the Liberal party; and when, after a brief interval in 1885, Gladstone returned to office in 1886, Harcourt was made Chancellor of the Exchequer, an office which he again filled from 1892 to 1895.

Between 1880 and 1892 Sir William Harcourt acted as Gladstone's political deputy. A first-rate party fighter, his services were of inestimable value; but in spite of his great success as a platform speaker, he was generally felt to be speaking from an advocate's brief, and did not impress the country as possessing much depth of conviction. It was he who coined the phrase about "stewing in Parnellite juice", and, when the split came in the Liberal party on the Irish question, even those who gave Gladstone and Morley the credit of being convinced Home Rulers could not be persuaded that Sir William had followed anything but the line of party expediency. In 1894 he introduced and carried a memorable budget, which equalized the death duties on real and personal property. After Gladstone's retirement in 1894 and Rosebery's selection as prime minister, Sir William became the leader of the Liberal party in the House of Commons, but it was never probable that he would work comfortably in the new conditions. He had been ignored as Gladstone's successor, and it was evident that Lord Rosebery's ideas of Liberalism and of the policy of the Liberal party were not those of Sir William Harcourt. Their differences were patched up from time to time, but the combination could not last. However the one significant legacy of the government was the introduction of a high uniform rate of death duties in Harcourt's 1894 budget. As Harcourt himself was a second son, and thus unlikely to ever have to pay such duties himself (though this proved to not be the case), it was often quipped that this introduction was a "second son's revenge". At the general election of 1895 it was clear that there were divisions as to what issue the Liberals were fighting for, and the effect of Sir William Harcourt's abortive Local Veto Bill on the election was seen not only in his defeat at Derby, which gave the signal for the Liberal rout, but in the set-back it gave to temperance legislation. Though returned for West Monmouthshire (1895, 1900), his speeches in debate only occasionally showed his characteristic spirit, and it was evident that for the hard work of Opposition he no longer had the same motive as of old. In December 1898 the crisis arrived, and with John Morley he retired from the counsels of the party and resigned his leadership of the Opposition, alleging as his reason, in letters to Morley, the cross-currents of opinion among his old supporters and former colleagues. The split excited considerable comment, and resulted in much heart-burning and a more or less open division between the section of the Liberal party following Lord Rosebery and those who disliked that statesman's Imperialistic views.

Though now a private member, Sir William Harcourt still continued to vindicate his opinions in his independent position, and his attacks on the government were no longer restrained by even the semblance of deference to Liberal Imperialism. He actively intervened in 1899 and 1900, strongly condemning the government's financial policy and their attitude towards the Transvaal; and throughout the Second Boer War he lost no opportunity of criticizing the South African developments in a pessimistic vein. A great parliamentary debater, he sprinkled his speeches with humour. In 1898-1900 he was conspicuous, both on the platform and in letters to The Times, in demanding active measures against the Ritualistic party in the Church of England; but his attitude in this was reflected in his political advocacy of Disestablishment. In March 1904, just after he had announced his intention not to seek election again to parliament, he succeeded, by the death of his nephew, to the family estates at Nuneham. He found that the estate was in crisis, especially after having to pay the death duties he himself had introduced, and he died suddenly there in the same year.

Sir William Harcourt is also the source for the character of Sir Ethelred in Joseph Conrad's novel The Secret Agent.

Summary

Sir William Harcourt was one of the great parliamentary figures of the Gladstonian Liberal period. He was essentially an aristocratic type of late 19th century Whig, with a remarkable capacity for popular campaign fighting. He had been, and remained, a brilliant journalist in the non-professional sense. He was one of those who really made the Saturday Review in its palmy days, and in the period of his own most ebullient vigour, while Mr Gladstone was alive, his sense of political expediency and platform effectiveness in controversy was very acute. But though he played the game of public life with keen zest, he never really touched either the country or his own party with the faith which creates a personal following, and in later years he found himself somewhat isolated and disappointed, though he was free to express his deeper objections to the new developments in church and state.

Sir William's only surviving son was Lewis Harcourt,1st Viscount Harcourt.

See also

• Harcourt interpolation

External links

• Sir William Harcourt 1827-1904 biography from the Liberal Democrat History Group
• Genealogy
• in french Wikipedia

Parliament of the United Kingdom (1801–present)
Preceded by Charles Neate and Edward Cardwell	Member of Parliament for Oxford with Edward Cardwell, to 1874; Alexander William Hall, 1874-1880; Joseph William Chitty, 1880 1868–1880	Succeeded by Alexander William Hall
Preceded by Samuel Plimsoll and Michael Thomas Bass	Member of Parliament for Derby with Michael Thomas Bass, to 1883; Thomas Roe, 1883–1895 1880–1895	Succeeded by Sir Henry Bemrose Geoffrey Drage
Preceded by Cornelius Warmington	Member of Parliament for West Monmouthshire 1895–1904	Succeeded by Thomas Richards
Political offices
Preceded by Sir Richard Cros	Home Secretary 1880–1885	Succeeded by Sir Richard Cros
Preceded by Sir Michael Hicks-Beach	Chancellor of the Exchequer 1886	Succeeded by Lord Randolph Churchill
Preceded by George Goschen	Chancellor of the Exchequer 1892–1895	Succeeded by Sir Michael Hicks-Beach
Preceded by William Gladstone	Leader of the House of Commons 1894–1895	Succeeded by Arthur Balfour
Preceded by The Earl of Rosebery	Leader of the British Liberal Party 1896–1898	Succeeded by Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman
Leader of the Opposition 1896–1898

•  • [ e] Chancellors of the Exchequer

: Giffard Stanton Catesby Berners Baker Mildmay Fortescue Home Caesar Greville Portland Newburgh Cottington Colepeper Clarendon Shaftesbury Duncombe Ernle Booth Hampden Montagu Smith Boyle : Smith Harley Benson Wyndham Onslow Walpole Stanhope Aislabie Pratt Walpole Sandys Pelham Lee Bilson Legge Lyttelton Bilson Legge Mansfield Bilson Legge Barrington Dashwood Grenville Dowdeswell Townshend North Cavendish Pitt Cavendish : Addington Pitt Petty Perceval Vansittart Robinson Canning Abbott Herries Goulburn Althorp Denman Peel Monteagle Baring Goulburn C Wood Disraeli Gladstone Lewis Disraeli Gladstone Disraeli Hunt Lowe Gladstone Northcote Gladstone Childers Hicks Beach Harcourt R Churchill Goschen Harcourt Hicks Beach Ritchie A Chamberlain Asquith Lloyd George McKenna Bonar Law A Chamberlain Horne Baldwin N Chamberlain Snowden W Churchill Snowden N Chamberlain Simon K Wood Anderson Dalton Cripps Gaitskell Butler Macmillan Thorneycroft Heathcoat-Amory Lloyd Maudling Callaghan Jenkins Macleod Barber Healey Howe Lawson Major Lamont Clarke Brown Darling

•  • [ e] Leaders of the Liberal Party

In the House of Commons (before 1916) The Viscount Palmerston (1859-1865) William Ewart Gladstone (1865-1875) The Marquess of Hartington (1875-1880) William Ewart Gladstone (1880-1894) Sir William Harcourt (1894-1898) Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman (1898-1908) H.H. Asquith (1908-1916) In the House of Lords (before 1916) The Earl Granville (1859-1865) The Earl Russell (1865-1868) The Earl Granville (1868-1891) The Earl of Kimberley (1891-1894) The Earl of Rosebery (1894-1896) The Earl of Kimberley (1896-1902) The Marquess of Ripon (1902-1908) The Marquess of Crewe (1908-1916) Overall Leader (1916-1988) The Earl of Oxford & Asquith (1916-1926); Donald Maclean Acting Leader 1919-1920 David Lloyd George (1926-1931) Sir Herbert Samuel (1931-1935) Sir Archibald Sinclair (1935-1945) Clement Davies (1945-1956) Jo Grimond (1956-1967) Jeremy Thorpe (1967-1976) Jo Grimond (1976) David Steel (1976-1988) In 1988, the Party merged with the Social Democratic Party to form the Liberal Democrats. For their leaders click here.

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