Wiltshire

Geography
Status	Ceremonial & (smaller) Non-metropolitan county
Region:	South West England
Area - Total - Admin. council - Admin. area	Ranked 14th 1,346 sq. miles (3,485 km²) Ranked 13th 1,257 sq. miles (3,255 km²)
Admin HQ:	Trowbridge
:	GB-WIL
ONS code:	46
NUTS 3:	UKK15
Demographics
Population - Total (2005 est.) - Density - Admin. council - Admin. pop.	Ranked 34th 630,700 181 / km² Ranked 30th 446,700
Ethnicity:	97.5% White
Politics
Arms of Wiltshire County Council Wiltshire County Council [1]
Executive	Conservative
Members of Parliament	Michael Ancram (C) James Gray (C) Robert Key (C) Andrew Murrison (C) Anne Snelgrove (L) Michael Wills (L)
Districts
Salisbury West Wiltshire Kennet North Wiltshire Swindon (Unitary)

Wiltshire (abbreviated Wilts) is a large English county in the South West England region of the UK. Considered as a ceremonial county, it is landlocked and borders the counties of Dorset, Somerset, Hampshire, Gloucestershire, Oxfordshire and Berkshire, and contains the unitary authority of Swindon. The county covers 858,931 acres (3476 km²)

The county is characterised by its high downland and wide valleys. Salisbury Plain is famous as the location of Stonehenge and other ancient landmarks. The city of Salisbury is notable for its cathedral.

Etymology

The county, formerly 'Wiltonshire' or 'Wiltunscir' (9th century), is named after the former county town of Wilton (itself named after the river Wylye, one of eight rivers that drain the county). The new county town is Trowbridge in the Trowbridge community area.

The local nickname for Wiltshire natives is moonrakers. This originated from a story of smugglers who managed to foil the local police by hiding their alchohol in a pond. They raked the surface in order to conceal the submerged alchohol with ripples, and claimed that they were trying to rake in the moon. The police took them for mad and left them alone, allowing them to continue with their illegal goods.

History

Main article: History of Wiltshire

Wiltshire is particularly well-known for its pre-Roman archaeology. The Mesolithic, Neolithic and Bronze Age people that occupied southern Britain built settlements on the hills and downland that cover Wiltshire. Stonehenge and Avebury are perhaps the most famous Neolithic sites in the UK.

In the sixth and seventh centuries Wiltshire was at the western edge of Saxon Britain, as Cranborne Chase and the Somerset Levels prevented the advance to the west. The battle of Bedwyn was fought in 675 between Escuin, a Wessex nobleman who had seized the throne of Queen Saxburga, and King Wulfhere of Mercia.^[1] In 878 the Danes invaded the county, and, following the Norman Conquest, large areas of the country came into the possession of the crown and the church.

At the time of the Domesday Survey the industrial pursuits of Wiltshire were almost exclusively agricultural; 390 mills are mentioned, and vineyards at Tollard and Lacock. In the succeeding centuries sheep-farming was vigorously pursued, and the Cistercian monasteries of Kingswood and Stanley exported wool to the Florentine and Flemish markets in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries.

In the seventeenth century English Civil War Wiltshire was largely Parliamentarian.

Around 1800 the Kennet and Avon Canal was built through Wiltshire providing a route for transporting a range of cargoes from Bristol to London, which was successful in encouraging local commerce for some years before the development of the Great Western Railway.

A growing amount of information on the 261 civil parishes of Wiltshire is available on the Wiltshire Community History website, run by the Libraries and Heritage services of Wiltshire County Council. This site includes maps, demographic data, historic and modern pictures, thumbnail histories, faqs, and information on schools and churches.

Geology, landscape and ecology

Wiltshire is a mostly rural landscape and about two thirds of the county lies on chalk, giving it a high chalk downland landscape. This chalk is part of the Southern England Chalk Formation that underlies large areas of Southern England from the Dorset Downs in the west to Dover in the east. The largest area of chalk in Wiltshire is Salisbury Plain, a vast expanse of semi-wilderness used mainly for arable agriculture and by the British Army as training ranges. The highest point of the county is the Tan Hill-Milk Hill ridge in the Pewsey Vale on the northern edge of Salisbury Plain, at 294m (965 ft) above sea level.

As well as Salisbury Plain the chalk runs northeast into West Berkshire in the Marlborough Downs ridge, and southwest into Dorset as Cranborne Chase. Cranborne Chase, which straddles the border, has, like Salisbury Plain, yielded much Stone Age and Bronze Age archaeology. The Marlborough Downs are part of the North Wessex Downs AONB (Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty), a 1,730 km² (668 square mile) conservation area.

In the north west of the county, on the border with Gloucestershire and Bath and North East Somerset, the underlying rock is the resistant oolite limestone of the Cotswolds. Part of the Cotswolds AONB is also in Wiltshire.

Between the areas of chalk and limestone downland are clay valleys and vales. The largest of these vales is the Avon Vale. The Avon cuts diagonally through the north of the county, flowing through Bradford on Avon and into Bath and Bristol. The Vale of Pewsey has been cut through the chalk into Greensand and Oxford Clay in the centre of the county. In the south west of the county is the Vale of Wardour. The south east of the county lies on the sandy soils of the New Forest.

Chalk is a porous rock so the chalk hills have little surface water. The main settlements in the county are therefore situated at wet points. Notably, Salisbury is situated between the chalk of Salisbury Plain and marshy flood plains.

Climate

Along with the rest of South West England, Wiltshire has a temperate climate which is generally wetter and milder than the rest of England. The annual mean temperature is approximately 10°C and shows a seasonal and a diurnal variation. January is the coldest month with mean minimum temperatures between 1 and 2°C. July and August are the warmest months in the region with mean daily maxima around 21°C.

The number of hours of bright sunshine is controlled by the length of day and by cloudiness. In general December is the dullest month and June the sunniest. The south-west of England has a favoured location with respect to the Azores high pressure when it extends its influence north-eastwards towards the UK, particularly in summer. Convective cloud often forms inland, especially near hills, and acts to reduce sunshine amounts. The average annual sunshine totals around 1600 hours.

Rainfall tends to be associated with Atlantic depressions or with convection. The Atlantic depressions are more vigorous in autumn and winter and most of the rain which falls in those seasons in the south-west is from this source. In summer, convection caused by solar surface heating sometimes forms shower clouds and a large proportion of rainfall falls from showers and thunderstorms at this time of year. Average rainfall is around 800–900 mm. About 8–15 days of snowfall is typical. November to March have the highest mean wind speeds, with June to August having the lightest winds. The predominant wind direction is from the South West.^[2]

Economy

This is a chart of trend of regional gross value added of Wiltshire at current basic prices^[3] with figures in millions of British Pounds Sterling.

Year	Regional gross value added[4]	Agriculture[5]	Industry[6]	Services[7]
1995	4,354	217	1,393	2,743
2000	5,362	148	1,566	3,647
2003	6,463	164	1,548	4,751

The Wiltshire economy benefits from the "M4 corridor effect", which attracts business, and the attractiveness of its countryside, villages and some of its towns which make it a desirable place to live, visit and work. The northern part of the County is relatively more economically dynamic than the southern part, particularly since Swindon has attracted several national and international corporations such as Honda, Intel, Motorola, Lucent and Nationwide. Wiltshire’s employment structure is distinctive in having a significantly higher number of people in various forms of manufacturing: especially electrical equipment and apparatus, food products, and beverages, furniture, rubber, and plastic goods than the national average. In addition, there are is higher than average employment in public administration and defence, probably due to the scale of military establishments around the county. Wiltshire is also distinctive in having a high proportion of its working age population who are economically active – (86.6% in 1999-2000), and its low unemployment rates. The Gross domestic product (GDP) level in Wiltshire did not reach the UK average in 1998, and was only marginally above the rate for South West England.^[8]

Demographics

The county registered a population of 613,024 in the Census 2001. The population density is low at 178 people / km². In 1991 there were 230,109 dwellings in the county. In 1991 98.3% of the population was indigenous and 17.9% of the population were over 65.^[9]

Population of Wiltshire:

• 1801: 185,107
• 1851: 254,221
• 1901: 271,394
• 1951: 386,692
• 2001: 613,024

Politics and administration

Wiltshire is a shire county, mostly under the control of Wiltshire County Council. This is divided into four local government districts, Kennet, North Wiltshire, Salisbury and West Wiltshire. Additionally, Swindon Borough is a unitary authority that forms part of the county for various functions such as Lord Lieutenant and High Sheriff, but does not come under county council control.

The Department for Communities and Local Government announced on 25 July 2007 that Wiltshire County Council would become a unitary authority, replacing the four District Councils of West Wiltshire, North Wiltshire, Kennet and Salisbury.

Following the elections in May 2005, 28 Conservatives, 16 Liberal Democrats, three Labour members and two Independents (Christopher Newbury and John Syme) are members of Wiltshire County Council. Conservatives hold most of the more rural areas while the Liberal Democrats hold several towns, including Trowbridge, Chippenham and Bradford-on-Avon. The county divisions of Westbury Ham with Dilton and Warminster West elected the two Independents, while the three Labour members hold their seats in the towns of Salisbury, Melksham and Devizes.

At the parliamentary level Wiltshire is represented entirely by Conservative Members of Parliament, except for the predominantly urban area of Swindon which is represented by Labour. Since 1992 Devizes has been represented by the front bench Conservative Michael Ancram.

Settlements

Notable towns and cities in Wiltshire are:

• Bradford on Avon
• Calne
• Chippenham
• Corsham
• Cricklade
• Devizes
• Highworth, Swindon Borough Unitary Authority
• Malmesbury
• Marlborough
• Melksham
• Mere
• Salisbury
• Swindon
• Trowbridge
• Warminster
• Westbury
• Wilton
• Wroughton, Swindon Borough Unitary Authority

A full list of settlements is at List of places in Wiltshire.

Places of interest

Notable places of interest in Wiltshire are:

Ashcombe House Avebury, Neolithic stone circle Avebury Manor & Garden Avon Valley Path Barbury Castle Beckhampton Avenue Bentley Wood Bowood House Burlington, city-sized nuclear bunker with accommodation for 4000 people Castle Combe Castle Hill, Mere Cherhill White Horse Chisbury Chapel Coate Water, East Swindon Corsham Court Cotswold Water Park Courts Garden Creative Planet, Science Museum, Wroughton Crofton Pumping Station Edington Priory Fonthill Abbey Great Chalfield Manor Iford Manor and gardens Kennet & Avon Canal Museum, Devizes King Alfred's Tower Lacock Abbey

Littlecote House Longleat Safari Park Ludgershall Castle, Ludgershall Lydiard Park and House, West Swindon. Malmesbury Abbey Maud Heath's Causeway Mompesson House Old Sarum, the former cathedral Old Wardour Castle Philipps House & Dinton Park Salisbury Cathedral Shearwater Lake Silbury Hill Stonehenge Stourhead Swindon Steam Railway Museum Trafalgar House Wardour Castle West Kennet Long Barrow Westbury White Horse Westwood Manor Woodhenge Wilton House Wilton Windmill Wilts and Berks Canal Part of Win Green (shared with Dorset)

Notable areas of countryside in Wiltshire are:

• Cranborne Chase
• Marlborough Downs
• Salisbury Plain
• Vale of Pewsey

Notable routes through Wiltshire are:

• A4 road
• M4 motorway
• A303 trunk road
• Fosse Way old Roman road
• Great Western Main Line railway
• Wessex Main Line railway
• Kennet and Avon Canal
• Swindon and Cricklade Railway
• Thames Path, a long distance footpath
• Wiltshire Cycleway
• National Cycle Route 4

References and footnotes

See also

• List of civil parishes in Wiltshire
• List of photographs of Wiltshire
• List of places in Wiltshire
• List of Lords Lieutenant of Wiltshire
• Flag of Wiltshire
• Wiltshire is "Mid-Wessex" in the novels of Thomas Hardy

External links

• Wiltshire County Council
• Wiltshire Community History
• List of Councillors
• Wiltshire Constabulary Online
• Wiltshire Libraries
• Merlin local information
• BBC Wiltshire
• Wiltshire Tourist Office
• John Aubrey's The Natural History of Wiltshire
• White horses of Wiltshire
• Wiltshire Gazette & Herald
• Wiltshire Times & Chippenham News
• Geology map of Wiltshire (PDF)
• Wiltshire & Swindon Intelligence Network

Coordinates:

•  • [ e] Wiltshire
Districts:	Kennet • North Wiltshire • Salisbury • West Wiltshire
Unitary authorities:	Swindon
Main Settlements:	Amesbury • Bradford on Avon • Calne • Chippenham • Corsham • Devizes • Malmesbury • Market Lavington • Marlborough • Pewsey • Ramsbury • Salisbury • Swindon • Tidworth • Tisbury • Trowbridge (County Town) • Warminster • Westbury • Wilton
Topics:	Flag • History • Lords Lieutenant • Parishes • Places •

•  • [ e] Ceremonial counties of England

Counties of the Lieutenancies Act 1997 Bedfordshire • Berkshire • City of Bristol • Buckinghamshire • Cambridgeshire • Cheshire • Cornwall • Cumbria • Derbyshire • Devon • Dorset • Durham • East Riding of Yorkshire • East Sussex • Essex • Gloucestershire • Greater London • Greater Manchester • Hampshire • Herefordshire • Hertfordshire • Isle of Wight • Kent • Lancashire • Leicestershire • Lincolnshire • City of London • Merseyside • Norfolk • Northamptonshire • Northumberland • North Yorkshire • Nottinghamshire • Oxfordshire • Rutland • Shropshire • Somerset • South Yorkshire • Staffordshire • Suffolk • Surrey • Tyne and Wear • Warwickshire • West Midlands • West Sussex • West Yorkshire • Wiltshire • Worcestershire

•  • [ e] Historic counties of England

Counties that originate prior to 1889 Bedfordshire • Berkshire • Buckinghamshire • Cambridgeshire • Cheshire • Cornwall • Cumberland • Derbyshire • Devon • Dorset • Durham • Essex • Gloucestershire • Hampshire • Herefordshire • Hertfordshire • Huntingdonshire • Kent • Lancashire • Leicestershire • Lincolnshire • Middlesex • Monmouthshire • Norfolk • Northamptonshire • Northumberland • Nottinghamshire • Oxfordshire • Rutland • Shropshire • Somerset • Staffordshire • Suffolk • Surrey • Sussex • Warwickshire • Westmorland • Wiltshire • Worcestershire • Yorkshire