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Amphora

This article is about the type of container. For other uses, see Amphora (disambiguation).


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Amphorae on display in Bodrum Castle, Turkey


An amphora (plural: amphorae or amphoras) is a type of ceramic vase with two handles and a long neck narrower than the body.

Amphorae first appeared on the Lebanese-Syrian coast around the 15th century BC and spread around the ancient world, being used by the ancient Greeks and Romans as the principal means for transporting and storing grapes, olive oil, wine, oil, olives, grain, fish, and other commodities. They were produced on an industrial scale from Greek times and used around the Mediterranean until about the 7th century. Wooden and skin containers seem to have supplanted amphorae thereafter.

They are of great benefit to maritime archaeologists, as amphorae in a shipwreck can often indicate the age of the wreck and geographic origin of the cargo. They are occasionally so well preserved that the original contents are still present, providing invaluable information on the eating habits and trading systems of the ancient Mediterranean peoples.

Two principal types of amphora existed: the neck amphora, in which the neck and body meet at a sharp angle; and the one-piece amphora, in which the neck and body form a continuous curve. Neck amphorae were commonly used in the early history of ancient Greece but were gradually replaced by the one-piece type from around the 7th century BC onwards. Most were produced with a pointed base to allow them to be stored in an upright position by being partly embedded in sand or soft ground.

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Dressel 1B type amphora
Key : 1 : edge - 2 : neck - 3 : handle - 4 : shoulder - 5 : belly or body - 6 : foot


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Large late Geometric Attic amphora, ca. 725 BCE – 700 BCE


Amphorae varied greatly in height. The largest could stand as much as 1.5 m (5 ft) high, while some were under 30 cm (12 inches) high - the smallest were called amphoriskoi (literally "little amphorae"). Most were around 45 cm (18 inches) high. There was a significant degree of standardisation in some variants; the wine amphora held a standard measure of about 39 litres (41 quarts), giving rise to the amphora quadrantal as a unit of measure in the Roman Empire. In all, around 66 distinct types of amphora have been identified.

High-quality painted amphorae were produced in significant numbers for a variety of social and ceremonial purposes. Their design differs significantly from the more functional versions; they are typified by wide mouth and a ring base, with a glazed surface and decorated with figures or geometric shapes. Such amphorae were often used as prizes. Some examples, bearing the inscription "I am one of the prizes from Athens", have survived from the Panathenaic Festivals held between the 6th century BC to the 2nd century BC. Painted amphorae were also used for funerary purposes. The loutrophoros, a type of amphora, was used principally for funeral rites. Outsize vases were also used as grave markers, while some amphorae were used as containers for the ashes of the dead.

The word amphora is Latin, derived from the Greek amphoreus (Αμφορέας) or amphiphoreus, a compound word combining amphi- ("on both sides") plus phoreus ("carrier"), from pherein ("to carry").

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Greek amphora, showing the goddess Athena

See also

External links

References

 •  • [ e]
Pottery of ancient Greece
Wine ShapesKrater • Kylix • Oenochoe • Skyphos • Psykter • Kyathos • Rhyton • Kantharos • Askos • Kotyle
Perfume Shapes and Wedding ShapesLebes Gamikos • Loutrophoros • Epinetron • Alabastron • Aryballos • Lekythos
Funerary Shapes and Cultic ShapesLekythos • Loutrophoros • Phiale
Storage ShapesAmphora • Lebes • Pithos • Stamnos
TechniquesRed-figure • Black-figure • Bilingual pottery • Six's technique
PaintersList of Greek Vase Painters• Amasis Painter • Exekias • Pioneer Group • Douris • Meidias Painter
Special Topics in Greek PotteryTypology • Kalos inscription • Symposium • Corpus vasorum antiquorum • John Beazley •
Panathenaic Amphorae • South Italian
Amphora can refer to:
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ceramic is derived from the Greek word κεραμικός (keramikos). The term covers inorganic non-metallic materials which are formed by the action of heat.
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The vase (pronounced /veɪs/, /veɪz/, or /vɑz/) is an open container, often used to hold cut flowers.
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Motto
Kūllūnā li-l-waṭan, li-l-'ula wa-l-'alam   (Arabic)
"Nous sommes tous pour le pays, la sublimation et le drapeau!"
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Anthem
Homat el Diyar
Guardians of the Land


Capital
(and largest city) Damascus

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The fifteenth century BC was the time period from 1500 BC to 1401 BC .

Events

  • 1504 BC–1492 BC — Egypt conquers Nubia and the Levant.
  • 1500 BC–1400 BC — The Rigveda was composed around this time.

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The term ancient Greece refers to the periods of Greek history in Classical Antiquity, lasting ca. 750 BC[1] (the archaic period) to 146 BC (the Roman conquest). It is generally considered to be the seminal culture which provided the foundation of Western Civilization.
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Ancient Rome was a civilization that grew from a small agricultural community founded on the Italian Peninsula circa the 9th century BC to a massive empire straddling the Mediterranean Sea.
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For the Tokyo University supercomputer, see Gravity Pipe.


GRAPE, or GRAphics Programming Environment is a software development environment for mathematical visualization, especially differential geometry and continuum mechanics.
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Olive oil

Olive oil from Italy.
Fat composition

Saturated fats Palmitic acid: 7.5–20.0 %
Stearic acid: 0.5–5.0 %
Arachidic acid: <0.8%
Behenic acid: <0.3%
Myristic acid: <0.1%
Lignoceric acid:
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Wine is an alcoholic beverage made from the fermentation of grape juice.[1] The natural chemical balance of grapes is such that they can ferment without the addition of sugars, acids, enzymes or other nutrients.
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Vegetable fats and oils are substances derived from plants that are composed of triglycerides. Nominally, oils are liquid at room temperature, and fats are solid; a dense brittle fat is called a wax.
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O. europaea

Binomial name
Olea europaea
L.

The Olive (Olea europaea) is a species of small tree in the family Oleaceae, native to coastal areas of the eastern Mediterranean region, from
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Cereal crops or grains are mostly grasses cultivated for their edible grains or seeds (i.e., botanically a type of fruit called a caryopsis). Cereal grains are grown in greater quantities and provide more energy worldwide than any other type of crop; they are therefore
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For the Marxist definition of a commodity, see .
A commodity is something for which there is demand, but which is supplied without qualitative differentiation across a given market.
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Mediterranean is a sea of the Atlantic Ocean almost completely enclosed by land: on the north by Europe, on the south by Africa, and on the east by Asia. It covers an approximate area of 2.
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The 7th century is the period from 601 to 700 in accordance with the Julian calendar in the Christian Era.

Overview

During this century, the Eastern Roman Empire continued suffering setbacks, which increased after the 630s, when the Arab prophet Muhammad militantly
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Maritime archaeology (also known as marine archaeology) is a discipline that studies human interaction with the sea, lakes and rivers through the study of vessels, shore side facilities, cargoes, human remains and submerged landscapes.
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shipwreck or sunken ship can refer to the remains of a wrecked ship or to the event that caused the wreck, such as the striking of something that causes the ship to sink, the stranding of the ship on rocks, land or shoal, or the destruction of the ship at sea by violent
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The 7th century BC started the first day of 700 BC and ended the last day of 601 BC.

Events



  • 700 BC to 600 BC — Baudhayana Sulbasutra, an orally transmitted Vedic Sanskrit text on altar construction, contains the earliest extant verbal statement of the

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amphora, or amphora quadrantal was a unit for measuring liquids or bulk goods in the Roman Empire, and for estimating the size of ships and the production of vineyards.

The volume of a standard amphora is equal to one cubic foot.
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The Roman Empire is the name given to both the imperial domain developed by the city-state of Rome and also the corresponding phase of that civilization, characterized by an autocratic form of government. This article however is about the latter.
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Panathenaic amphorae were the large ceramic vessels that contained the oil (some 10 gallons, and 60-70 cms high) given as prizes in the Panathenaic Games. This olive oil came from the sacred grove of Athena at Akademia, the amphorae which held it had the distinctive form of tight
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Panathenaea (‘all-Athenian festival') was the most important festival for Athens and one of the grandest in the entire Greek world. Except for slaves, all inhabitants of the polis could take part in the festival.
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The 6th century BC started the first day of 600 BC and ended the last day of 501 BC.

Overview

In the Near East, the first half of this century was dominated by the Neo Babylonian or Chaldean
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The 2nd century BC started the first day of 200 BC and ended the last day of 101 BC. It is considered part of the Classical era, although depending on the region being studied, other terms may be more proper (for instance, if regarding only the Eastern Mediterranean, it would best
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loutrophoros is a distinctive type of Greek pottery vessel characterized by an elongated neck with two handles. The loutrophoros was used to hold water during marriage and funeral rituals, and was placed in the tombs of unmarried women.
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Latin}}} 
Official status
Official language of: Vatican City
Used for official purposes, but not spoken in everyday speech
Regulated by: Opus Fundatum Latinitas
Roman Catholic Church
Language codes
ISO 639-1: la
ISO 639-2: lat
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Greek}}} 
Writing system: Greek alphabet 
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Official language of:  Greece
 Cyprus
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recognised as minority language in parts of:
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