bat
Information about bat
BAT may refer to:
A bat is a mammal in the order Chiroptera. Their most distinguishing feature is that their forelimbs are developed as wings, making them the only mammals in the world naturally capable of flight (though other mammals, such as flying squirrels and gliding flying possums, can glide for limited distances). The word Chiroptera comes from the Greek words cheir "hand" and pteron "wing," as the structure of the open wing is very similar to an outspread human hand with a membrane (patagium) between the fingers that also stretches between hand and body.
There are estimated to be about 1,100 species of bats worldwide, accounting for about 20 percent of all mammal species.[1] About 70 percent of bats are insectivores. Of the remainder, most feed on fruits and their juices. Only three species sustain themselves with blood, some preying on vertebrates: these include the leaf-nosed bats (Phyllostomidae) of Central America and South America, and the two bulldog bat (Noctilionidae) species, which feed on fish. At least two species of bat are known to feed on other bats: the Spectral Bat, also called the American False Vampire bat, and the Ghost Bat of Australia. One species, the Greater Noctule bat, is believed to catch and eat small birds in the air. Bats are present throughout most of the world; despite the cold weather, there are six species of bats in Alaska.
Some of the smaller bat species are important pollinators of some tropical flowers. Indeed, many tropical plants are now found to be totally dependent on them, not just for pollination, but for spreading their seeds by eating the resulting fruits. This role explains environmental concerns when a bat is introduced in a new setting. Tenerife provides a recent example with the introduction of the Egyptian fruit bat.
Bats can also be in the superorder Archonta.
Bats are mammals. Though sometimes called "flying rodents", "flying mice," or even mistaken for insects and birds, bats are not, in fact, rodents. There are two suborders of bats:
Genetic evidence indicates that megabats should be placed within the four major lines of microbats (Yinochiroptera), who originated during the early Eocene. The same research also seems to show that the microbats are the original bats while megabats evolved from them independently through parallel evolution, where most of them lost the ability to use echolocation. However, the brains of megabats show a number of advanced characteristics linking these animals to primates. There have been deemed unlikely to have arisen by parallel evolution (for details, see Flying primates theory).
There is some morphological evidence that Megachiroptera evolved flight separately from Microchiroptera; if so, the Microchiroptera would have uncertain affinities. When adaptations to flight are discounted in a cladistic analysis, the Megachiroptera are allied to primates by anatomical features that are not shared with Microchiroptera. But this alternative seems to have little support these days.
Little is known about the evolution of bats, since their small, delicate skeletons do not fossilize well. However a Late Cretaceous tooth from South America resembles that of an early Microchiropteran bat. The oldest known definite bat fossils, such as Icaronycteris, Archaeonycteris, Palaeochiropteryx and Hassianycteris, are from the early Eocene (about 50 million years ago), but they were already very similar to modern microbats. Archaeopteropus, formerly classified as the earliest known megachiropteran, is now classified as a microchiropteran.
Bats are traditionally grouped with the tree shrews (Scandentia), colugos (Dermoptera), and the primates in superorder Archonta because of the similarities between Megachiroptera and these mammals. However, molecular studies have placed them as sister group to Ferungulata -- a large grouping including carnivorans, pangolins, odd-toed ungulates, even-toed ungulates, and whales.
Although the eyes of most microbat species are small and poorly developed, their sense of vision is typically very good, especially at long distances, beyond the range of echolocation. It has even been discovered that some species are able to detect ultraviolet light. Their senses of smell and hearing are excellent.
The teeth of microbats resemble those of the insectivorans. They are very sharp in order to bite through the hardened armour of insects or the skin of fruits.
While other mammals have one-way valves only in their veins to prevent the blood from flowing backwards, bats also have the same mechanism in their arteries.
The finger bones of bats are much more flexible than those of other mammals. One reason is that the cartilage in their fingers lacks calcium and other minerals nearer the tips, increasing their ability to bend without splintering. The cross-section of the finger bone is also flattened instead of circular as is the bone in a human finger, making it even more flexible. The skin on their wing membranes is a lot more elastic and can stretch much more than is usually seen among mammals.
Because their wings are much thinner than those of birds, bats can manoeuvre more quickly and more precisely than birds. The surface of their wings are also equipped with touch-sensitive receptors on small bumps called Merkel cells, found in most mammals, including humans. But these sensitive areas are different in bats as each bump has a tiny hair in the centre,[2] making it even more sensitive, and allowing the bat to detect and collect information about the air flowing over its wings. An additional kind of receptor cell is found in the wing membrane of species that use their wings to catch prey. This receptor cell is sensitive to the stretching of the membrane.[2] The cells are concentrated in areas of the membrane where insects hit the wings when the bats capture them.
One species of bat has the longest tongue of any mammal relative to its body size. This is extremely beneficial to them in terms of pollination and feeding - their long narrow tongues can reach deep down into the long cup shape of some flowers. When their tongue retracts, it coils up inside their rib cage.[3]
Mother bats usually have only one offspring per year, and they are viviparous. A baby bat is referred to as a pup.[4] Pups are usually left in the roost when they are not nursing. However, a newborn bat can cling to the fur of the mother and be transported, although they soon grow too large for this. It would be difficult for an adult bat to carry more than one young, but normally only one young is born. Bats often form nursery roosts, with many females giving birth in the same area, be it a cave, a tree hole, or a cavity in a building. Mother bats are able to find their young in huge colonies of millions of other pups. Pups have even been seen to feed on other mothers' milk if their mother is dry. Only the mother cares for the young, and there is no continuous partnership with male bats.
The ability to fly is congenital, but at birth the wings are too small to fly. Young microbats become independent at the age of 6 to 8 weeks, megabats not until they are four months old. At the age of two years, bats are sexually mature.
A single bat can live over 20 years, but the bat population growth is limited by the slow birth rate.[5]
Many bats migrate, while others pass into torpor in cold weather but rouse themselves and feed when warm spells permit insect activity. Yet others retreat to caves for winter and hibernate for six months.
The social structure of bats varies, with some bats leading a solitary life and others living in caves colonized by more than a million bats. The fission-fusion social structure is seen among several species of bats. "Fusion" refers to the grouping of large numbers of bats in one roosting area and "fission" is the breaking apart and mixing of subgroups, with individual bats switching roosts with others and often ending up in different trees and with different roostmates.
Studies also show that bats make all kinds of sounds to communicate with others. Scientists in the field have listened to bats and have been able to identify some sounds with some behaviour bats will make right after the sounds are made.
Only 0.5% of bats carry rabies. However, of the very few cases of rabies reported in the United States every year, most are caused by bat bites[11]. Although most bats do not have rabies, those that do may be clumsy, disoriented, and unable to fly, which makes it more likely that they will come into contact with humans. Although one should not have an unreasonable fear of bats, one should avoid handling them or having them in one's living space, as with any wild animal. If a bat is found in living quarters near a child, mentally handicapped person, intoxicated person, sleeping person, or pet, the person or pet should receive immediate medical attention for rabies. Bats have very small teeth and can bite a sleeping person without necessarily being felt.
If a bat is found in a house and the possibility of exposure cannot be ruled out, the bat should be sequestered and an animal control officer called immediately, so that the bat can be analysed. This also applies if the bat is found dead. If it is certain that nobody has been exposed to the bat, it should be removed from the house. The best way to do this is to close all the doors and windows to the room except one to the outside. The bat should soon leave.
Due to the risk of rabies and also due to health problems related to their faecal droppings (guano), bats should be excluded from inhabited parts of houses. For full detailed information on all aspects of bat management, including how to capture a bat, what to do in case of exposure, and how to bat-proof a house humanely, see the Center for Disease Control's website on bats and rabies. In certain countries, such as the United Kingdom, it is illegal to handle bats without a license.
Where rabies is not endemic, as throughout most of Western Europe, small bats can be considered harmless. Larger bats can give a nasty bite. They should be treated with the respect due to any wild animal.
The bat is sacred in Tonga and West Africa and is often considered the physical manifestation of a separable soul. Bats are closely associated with vampires, who are said to be able to shapeshift into bats, fog, or wolves. Bats are also a symbol of ghosts, death, and disease. Among some Native Americans, such as the Creek, Cherokee and Apache, the bat is a trickster spirit. Chinese lore claims the bat is a symbol of longevity and happiness, and is similarly lucky in Poland and geographical Macedonia and among the Kwakiutl and Arabs. The bat is also a heraldic animal of the Spanish autonomous community of Valencia.
Pre-Columbian cultures associated animals with gods and often displayed them in art. The Moche people depicted bats in their ceramics. [12]
In Western Culture, the bat is often a symbol of the night and its foreboding nature. The bat is a primary animal associated with fictional characters of the night, both villains like Dracula and heroes like Batman. The association of the fear of the night with the animal was treated as a literary challenge by Kenneth Oppel, who created a best selling series of novels, beginning with Silverwing, which feature bats as the central heroic figures much as anthropomorphized rabbits were the central figures to the classic novel Watership Down.
An old wives' tale has it that bats will entangle themselves in people's hair. One likely source of this belief is that insect-eating bats seeking prey may dive erratically toward people, who attract mosquitoes and gnats, leading the squeamish to believe that the bats are trying to get in their hair.
In the United Kingdom all bats are protected under the Wildlife and Countryside Acts, and even disturbing a bat or its roost can be punished with a heavy fine.
In Sarawak, Malaysia bats are protected species under the Wildlife Protection Ordinance 1998 (see Malaysian Wildlife Law). The large Naked bat (see Mammals of Borneo) and Greater Nectar bat are consumed by the local communities.
Bats can be a tourist attraction. The Congress Avenue bridge in Austin, Texas is the summer home to North America's largest urban bat colony, an estimated 1,500,000 Mexican free-tailed bats, which eat an estimated 10,000 to 30,000 pounds of insects each night. An estimated 100,000 tourists per year visit the bridge at twilight to watch the bats leave the roost.
A bat house constructed in 1991 at the University of Florida campus next to Lake Alice in Gainesville has a population of over 100,000 free-tailed bats.[13]
..... Click the link for more information.
- Baby AT, a variant of the AT form factor
- Bangor Area Transit
- B.A.T., "Bureau of Astral Troubleshooters", a 1990 computer game
- Batch file, ".BAT", MS-DOS, OS/2, and Windows shell programs
- BAT (G.I. Joe), "Battle Android Troopers, fictional evil robots who appear in the G.I. Joe universe
- Best Available Technology, in pollutant regulation
- Blunt abdominal trauma
- Bouquet Association Table, a DVB Signalling Table
- British American Tobacco
- British Antarctic Territory
- British Arctic Territory
- British Autistic Trust
- Brown adipose tissue, or "brown fat"
- Burst Alert Telescope, an x-ray telescope use on the Swift Gamma-Ray Burst Mission
- Chafei Amsei Airport (IATA airport code: BAT) in Barretos, Brazil
- Alfa Romeo BAT, an aerodynamic concept car
- BATS Improv, an improvisational theatre company in San Francisco
- Better Alternative Trading System, a financial trade matching service
See also
“Chiroptera” redirects here. For other uses, see Chiroptera (disambiguation).
| Bats Fossil range: Late Paleocene - Recent | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
) "Chiroptera" from Ernst Haeckel's Kunstformen der Natur, 1904 "Chiroptera" from Ernst Haeckel's Kunstformen der Natur, 1904 | ||||||||||||
| Scientific classification | ||||||||||||
| ||||||||||||
| Suborders | ||||||||||||
|
Megachiroptera Microchiroptera See text for families. | ||||||||||||
A bat is a mammal in the order Chiroptera. Their most distinguishing feature is that their forelimbs are developed as wings, making them the only mammals in the world naturally capable of flight (though other mammals, such as flying squirrels and gliding flying possums, can glide for limited distances). The word Chiroptera comes from the Greek words cheir "hand" and pteron "wing," as the structure of the open wing is very similar to an outspread human hand with a membrane (patagium) between the fingers that also stretches between hand and body.
There are estimated to be about 1,100 species of bats worldwide, accounting for about 20 percent of all mammal species.[1] About 70 percent of bats are insectivores. Of the remainder, most feed on fruits and their juices. Only three species sustain themselves with blood, some preying on vertebrates: these include the leaf-nosed bats (Phyllostomidae) of Central America and South America, and the two bulldog bat (Noctilionidae) species, which feed on fish. At least two species of bat are known to feed on other bats: the Spectral Bat, also called the American False Vampire bat, and the Ghost Bat of Australia. One species, the Greater Noctule bat, is believed to catch and eat small birds in the air. Bats are present throughout most of the world; despite the cold weather, there are six species of bats in Alaska.
Some of the smaller bat species are important pollinators of some tropical flowers. Indeed, many tropical plants are now found to be totally dependent on them, not just for pollination, but for spreading their seeds by eating the resulting fruits. This role explains environmental concerns when a bat is introduced in a new setting. Tenerife provides a recent example with the introduction of the Egyptian fruit bat.
Bats can also be in the superorder Archonta.
Classification and evolution
)
Townsends's Big-eared Bat, Corynorhinus townsendii
)
Giant golden-crowned flying fox, Acerodon jubatus
)
Common Pipistrelle, Pipistrellus pipistrellus
- Megachiroptera (megabats)
- Microchiroptera (microbats/echolocating bats)
- Microbats use echolocation, whereas megabats do not (except for Rousettus and relatives).
- Microbats lack the claw at the second toe of the forelimb.
- The ears of microbats do not form a closed ring, but the edges are separated from each other at the base of the ear.
- Microbats lack underfur; they have only guard hairs or are naked.
Genetic evidence indicates that megabats should be placed within the four major lines of microbats (Yinochiroptera), who originated during the early Eocene. The same research also seems to show that the microbats are the original bats while megabats evolved from them independently through parallel evolution, where most of them lost the ability to use echolocation. However, the brains of megabats show a number of advanced characteristics linking these animals to primates. There have been deemed unlikely to have arisen by parallel evolution (for details, see Flying primates theory).
There is some morphological evidence that Megachiroptera evolved flight separately from Microchiroptera; if so, the Microchiroptera would have uncertain affinities. When adaptations to flight are discounted in a cladistic analysis, the Megachiroptera are allied to primates by anatomical features that are not shared with Microchiroptera. But this alternative seems to have little support these days.
Little is known about the evolution of bats, since their small, delicate skeletons do not fossilize well. However a Late Cretaceous tooth from South America resembles that of an early Microchiropteran bat. The oldest known definite bat fossils, such as Icaronycteris, Archaeonycteris, Palaeochiropteryx and Hassianycteris, are from the early Eocene (about 50 million years ago), but they were already very similar to modern microbats. Archaeopteropus, formerly classified as the earliest known megachiropteran, is now classified as a microchiropteran.
Bats are traditionally grouped with the tree shrews (Scandentia), colugos (Dermoptera), and the primates in superorder Archonta because of the similarities between Megachiroptera and these mammals. However, molecular studies have placed them as sister group to Ferungulata -- a large grouping including carnivorans, pangolins, odd-toed ungulates, even-toed ungulates, and whales.
- ORDER CHIROPTERA (Ky-rop`ter-a) (Gr. cheir, hand, + pteron, wing)
- Suborder Megachiroptera (megabats)
- Pteropodidae
- Suborder Microchiroptera (microbats)
- Superfamily Emballonuroidea
- Emballonuridae (Sac-winged or Sheath-tailed bats)
- Superfamily Molossoidea
- Antrozoidae (Pallid bats)
- Molossidae (Free-tailed bats)
- Superfamily Nataloidea
- Furipteridae (Smoky bats)
- Myzopodidae (Sucker-footed bats)
- Natalidae (Funnel-eared bats)
- Thyropteridae (Disk-winged bats)
- Superfamily Noctilionoidea
- Mormoopidae (Ghost-faced or Moustached bats)
- Mystacinidae (New Zealand short-tailed bats)
- Noctilionidae (Bulldog bats or Fisherman bats)
- Phyllostomidae (Leaf-nosed bats)
- Superfamily Rhinolophoidea
- Megadermatidae (False vampires)
- Nycteridae (Hollow-faced or Slit-faced bats)
- Rhinolophidae (Horseshoe bats)
- Superfamily Rhinopomatoidea
- Craseonycteridae (Bumblebee Bat or Kitti's Hog-nosed Bat)
- Rhinopomatidae (Mouse-tailed bats)
- Superfamily Vespertilionoidea
- Vespertilionidae (Vesper bats or Evening bats)
Anatomy
By emitting high-pitched sounds and listening to the echoes, also known as sonar, microbats locate prey and other nearby objects. This is the process of echolocation, an ability they share with dolphins and whales. Two groups of moths exploit the bats' senses: tiger moths produce ultrasonic signals to warn the bats that the moths are chemically-protected (aposematism) (this was once thought to be a form of "radar jamming", but this theory has been disproved); the moths Noctuidae have a hearing organ called a tympanum which responds to an incoming bat signal by causing the moth's flight muscles to twitch erratically, sending the moth into random evasive manoeuvres.Although the eyes of most microbat species are small and poorly developed, their sense of vision is typically very good, especially at long distances, beyond the range of echolocation. It has even been discovered that some species are able to detect ultraviolet light. Their senses of smell and hearing are excellent.
The teeth of microbats resemble those of the insectivorans. They are very sharp in order to bite through the hardened armour of insects or the skin of fruits.
)
Thermographic image of a bat using trapped air as insulation.
While other mammals have one-way valves only in their veins to prevent the blood from flowing backwards, bats also have the same mechanism in their arteries.
The finger bones of bats are much more flexible than those of other mammals. One reason is that the cartilage in their fingers lacks calcium and other minerals nearer the tips, increasing their ability to bend without splintering. The cross-section of the finger bone is also flattened instead of circular as is the bone in a human finger, making it even more flexible. The skin on their wing membranes is a lot more elastic and can stretch much more than is usually seen among mammals.
Because their wings are much thinner than those of birds, bats can manoeuvre more quickly and more precisely than birds. The surface of their wings are also equipped with touch-sensitive receptors on small bumps called Merkel cells, found in most mammals, including humans. But these sensitive areas are different in bats as each bump has a tiny hair in the centre,[2] making it even more sensitive, and allowing the bat to detect and collect information about the air flowing over its wings. An additional kind of receptor cell is found in the wing membrane of species that use their wings to catch prey. This receptor cell is sensitive to the stretching of the membrane.[2] The cells are concentrated in areas of the membrane where insects hit the wings when the bats capture them.
One species of bat has the longest tongue of any mammal relative to its body size. This is extremely beneficial to them in terms of pollination and feeding - their long narrow tongues can reach deep down into the long cup shape of some flowers. When their tongue retracts, it coils up inside their rib cage.[3]
Reproduction
)
Colony of Mouse-eared Bats, Myotis myotis
The ability to fly is congenital, but at birth the wings are too small to fly. Young microbats become independent at the age of 6 to 8 weeks, megabats not until they are four months old. At the age of two years, bats are sexually mature.
A single bat can live over 20 years, but the bat population growth is limited by the slow birth rate.[5]
Behavior
Most microbats are active at night or at twilight.Many bats migrate, while others pass into torpor in cold weather but rouse themselves and feed when warm spells permit insect activity. Yet others retreat to caves for winter and hibernate for six months.
The social structure of bats varies, with some bats leading a solitary life and others living in caves colonized by more than a million bats. The fission-fusion social structure is seen among several species of bats. "Fusion" refers to the grouping of large numbers of bats in one roosting area and "fission" is the breaking apart and mixing of subgroups, with individual bats switching roosts with others and often ending up in different trees and with different roostmates.
Studies also show that bats make all kinds of sounds to communicate with others. Scientists in the field have listened to bats and have been able to identify some sounds with some behaviour bats will make right after the sounds are made.
As vectors for pathogens
Bats are natural reservoirs or vectors for a large number of zoonotic pathogens[6] including rabies,[7] severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS),[8] Henipavirus (ie. Nipah virus and Hendra virus)[9] and possibly ebola virus.[10] Their high mobility, broad distribution, social behaviour (communal roosting, fission-fusion social structure) and close evolutionary relationship to humans make bats favourable hosts and disseminators of disease. Many species also appear to have a high tolerance for harbouring pathogens and often do not develop disease while infected.)
A big brown bat (Eptesicus fuscus) approaches a wax moth (Galleria mellonella), which serves as the control species for the studies of the tiger moths. The moth is only "semi-tethered," allowing it to fly evasively.
Only 0.5% of bats carry rabies. However, of the very few cases of rabies reported in the United States every year, most are caused by bat bites[11]. Although most bats do not have rabies, those that do may be clumsy, disoriented, and unable to fly, which makes it more likely that they will come into contact with humans. Although one should not have an unreasonable fear of bats, one should avoid handling them or having them in one's living space, as with any wild animal. If a bat is found in living quarters near a child, mentally handicapped person, intoxicated person, sleeping person, or pet, the person or pet should receive immediate medical attention for rabies. Bats have very small teeth and can bite a sleeping person without necessarily being felt.
If a bat is found in a house and the possibility of exposure cannot be ruled out, the bat should be sequestered and an animal control officer called immediately, so that the bat can be analysed. This also applies if the bat is found dead. If it is certain that nobody has been exposed to the bat, it should be removed from the house. The best way to do this is to close all the doors and windows to the room except one to the outside. The bat should soon leave.
Due to the risk of rabies and also due to health problems related to their faecal droppings (guano), bats should be excluded from inhabited parts of houses. For full detailed information on all aspects of bat management, including how to capture a bat, what to do in case of exposure, and how to bat-proof a house humanely, see the Center for Disease Control's website on bats and rabies. In certain countries, such as the United Kingdom, it is illegal to handle bats without a license.
Where rabies is not endemic, as throughout most of Western Europe, small bats can be considered harmless. Larger bats can give a nasty bite. They should be treated with the respect due to any wild animal.
Cultural aspects
)
Bat. Moche Culture 100 A.D. Larco Museum Lima, Peru.
Pre-Columbian cultures associated animals with gods and often displayed them in art. The Moche people depicted bats in their ceramics. [12]
In Western Culture, the bat is often a symbol of the night and its foreboding nature. The bat is a primary animal associated with fictional characters of the night, both villains like Dracula and heroes like Batman. The association of the fear of the night with the animal was treated as a literary challenge by Kenneth Oppel, who created a best selling series of novels, beginning with Silverwing, which feature bats as the central heroic figures much as anthropomorphized rabbits were the central figures to the classic novel Watership Down.
An old wives' tale has it that bats will entangle themselves in people's hair. One likely source of this belief is that insect-eating bats seeking prey may dive erratically toward people, who attract mosquitoes and gnats, leading the squeamish to believe that the bats are trying to get in their hair.
In the United Kingdom all bats are protected under the Wildlife and Countryside Acts, and even disturbing a bat or its roost can be punished with a heavy fine.
In Sarawak, Malaysia bats are protected species under the Wildlife Protection Ordinance 1998 (see Malaysian Wildlife Law). The large Naked bat (see Mammals of Borneo) and Greater Nectar bat are consumed by the local communities.
Bats can be a tourist attraction. The Congress Avenue bridge in Austin, Texas is the summer home to North America's largest urban bat colony, an estimated 1,500,000 Mexican free-tailed bats, which eat an estimated 10,000 to 30,000 pounds of insects each night. An estimated 100,000 tourists per year visit the bridge at twilight to watch the bats leave the roost.
Bat houses
Many people put up bat houses to attract bats just like many people put up birdhouses to attract birds. Reasons for this vary, but mostly center around the fact that bats are the primary nocturnal insectivores in most if not all ecologies. Bat houses can be made from scratch, made from kits, or bought ready made. Plans for bat houses exist on many web sites, as well as guidelines for designing a bat house. Some conservation societies are giving away free bat houses to bat enthusiasts worldwide.A bat house constructed in 1991 at the University of Florida campus next to Lake Alice in Gainesville has a population of over 100,000 free-tailed bats.[13]
See also
- Bat bomb
- Bat conservation
- Agreement on the Conservation of Populations of European Bats (UNEP/EUROBATS)
- Bat World Sanctuary
- European Bat Night
- Flying and gliding animals
- Audiograms in mammals
- Batman
References
1. ^ Tudge, Colin (2000). The Variety of Life. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-860426-2.
2. ^ Melissa Calhoun (15 December 2005). Bats Use Touch Receptors on Wings to Fly, Catch Prey, Study Finds. Retrieved on 2006-10-18.
3. ^ Chamberlain, Ted (2006-12-06). Photo in the News: Bat Has Longest Tongue of Any Mammal. National Geographic News. National Geographic Society. Retrieved on 2007-06-18. “A. fistulata (shown lapping sugar water from a tube) has the longest tongue, relative to body length, of any mammal—and now scientists think they know why.
4. ^ "Baby bats under threat from wet weather", Bat Conservation Trust, 3 July 2007, retrieved 2 August, 2007
5. ^ [1] Retrieved 22 October 2006.
6. ^ Wong, S, Lau, S, Woo, P, Yuen, KY. (2007). Bats as a continuing source of emerging infections in humans. Rev Med Virol. 17(2):67–91.
7. ^ McColl, KA, Tordo, N, Aquilar Setien, AA. (2000). Bat lyssavirus infections. Rev Sci Tech. 19(1):177–196.
8. ^ Li, W, Shi, A, Yu, M et al (2005) Bats are natural reservoirs of SARS-like coronaviruses. Science 310(5748):676–679.
9. ^ Halpin K, Young PL, Filed HE, Mackenzie JS. Isolation of Hendra virus from pteropid bats: a natural reservoir of Hendra virus. Journal of General Virology 2000; 81:1927–1932. PMID 10900029. Available from http://vir.sgmjournals.org/cgi/content/full/81/8/1927
10. ^ Leroy, EM, Kimulugui, B, Pourrut, X et al. (2005). Fruit bats as reservoirs of Ebola virus. Nature. 438:575–576.
11. ^ Centers for Disease Control. Table 2 - Cases of rabies in human being in the United States, by circumstances of exposure and rabies virus variant, 1990-2001.
12. ^ Berrin, Katherine & Larco Museum. The Spirit of Ancient Peru:Treasures from the Museo Arqueológico Rafael Larco Herrera. New York: Thames and Hudson, 1997.
13. ^ Nordlie, Tom (2001-10-29). Backyard Bat Houses Promote Pest Control, Says UF Expert. UF News 30. University of Florida. Archived from the original on 2001-11-30. Retrieved on 2007-06-18. “... an example of good bat management. When a large colony of Brazilian free-tailed bats roosting in a campus stadium caused odor problems, university officials installed the massive house, which now holds about 100,000 bats and has become a local landmark.
2. ^ Melissa Calhoun (15 December 2005). Bats Use Touch Receptors on Wings to Fly, Catch Prey, Study Finds. Retrieved on 2006-10-18.
3. ^ Chamberlain, Ted (2006-12-06). Photo in the News: Bat Has Longest Tongue of Any Mammal. National Geographic News. National Geographic Society. Retrieved on 2007-06-18. “A. fistulata (shown lapping sugar water from a tube) has the longest tongue, relative to body length, of any mammal—and now scientists think they know why.
4. ^ "Baby bats under threat from wet weather", Bat Conservation Trust, 3 July 2007, retrieved 2 August, 2007
5. ^ [1] Retrieved 22 October 2006.
6. ^ Wong, S, Lau, S, Woo, P, Yuen, KY. (2007). Bats as a continuing source of emerging infections in humans. Rev Med Virol. 17(2):67–91.
7. ^ McColl, KA, Tordo, N, Aquilar Setien, AA. (2000). Bat lyssavirus infections. Rev Sci Tech. 19(1):177–196.
8. ^ Li, W, Shi, A, Yu, M et al (2005) Bats are natural reservoirs of SARS-like coronaviruses. Science 310(5748):676–679.
9. ^ Halpin K, Young PL, Filed HE, Mackenzie JS. Isolation of Hendra virus from pteropid bats: a natural reservoir of Hendra virus. Journal of General Virology 2000; 81:1927–1932. PMID 10900029. Available from http://vir.sgmjournals.org/cgi/content/full/81/8/1927
10. ^ Leroy, EM, Kimulugui, B, Pourrut, X et al. (2005). Fruit bats as reservoirs of Ebola virus. Nature. 438:575–576.
11. ^ Centers for Disease Control. Table 2 - Cases of rabies in human being in the United States, by circumstances of exposure and rabies virus variant, 1990-2001.
12. ^ Berrin, Katherine & Larco Museum. The Spirit of Ancient Peru:Treasures from the Museo Arqueológico Rafael Larco Herrera. New York: Thames and Hudson, 1997.
13. ^ Nordlie, Tom (2001-10-29). Backyard Bat Houses Promote Pest Control, Says UF Expert. UF News 30. University of Florida. Archived from the original on 2001-11-30. Retrieved on 2007-06-18. “... an example of good bat management. When a large colony of Brazilian free-tailed bats roosting in a campus stadium caused odor problems, university officials installed the massive house, which now holds about 100,000 bats and has become a local landmark.
- General references
- Greenhall, Arthur H. 1961. Bats in Agriculture. A Ministry of Agriculture Publication. Trinidad and Tobago.
- Nowak, Ronald M. 1994. " Walker's BATS of the World". The John Hopikins University Press, Baltimore and London.
- John D. Pettigrew's summary on Flying Primate Hypothesis
- Altringham, J.D. 1998. Bats: Biology and Behaviour. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Dobat, K.; Holle, T.P. 1985. Blüten und Fledermäuse: Bestäubung durch Fledermäuse und Flughunde (Chiropterophilie). Frankfurt am Main: W. Kramer & Co. Druckerei.
- Fenton, M.B. 1985. Communication in the Chiroptera. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
- Findley, J.S. 1995. Bats: a Community Perspective. Cambridge: Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge.
- Fleming, T.H. 1988. The Short-Tailed Fruit Bat: a Study in Plant-Animal Interactions. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
- Kunz, T.H. 1982. Ecology of Bats. New York: Plenum Press.
- Kunz, T.H.; Racey, P.A. 1999. Bat Biology and Conservation. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press.
- Kunz, T.H.; Fenton, M.B. 2003. Bat Ecology. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
- Neuweiler, G. 1993. Biologie der Fledermäuse. Stuttgart: Georg Thieme Verlag.
- Nowak, R.M. 1994. Walker's Bats of the World. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press.
- Richarz, K. & Limbruner, A. 1993. The World of Bats. Neptune City: TFH Publications.
- Twilton, B. 1999. My Life as The Bat. Liverpool Hope University press
External links
- Texas Parks and Wildlife Bat Page
- University of Michigan Museum of Zoology
- Bats and Tarsier
- Tree of Life
- Bat evolution linked to warming
- Microbat Vision
- Bats of Australia
The AT form factor was the first modern form factor to be widely used. AT (Advanced Technology) was released in 1984 by IBM. Unlike the PC and XT form factors that preceded it, AT became a widely used design as a result of the booming home computer market in the
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BAT Community Connector is a bus system connecting Bangor, Maine, with outlying towns, including Veazie, Orono, Old Town, Brewer, and Hampden. The system is known as The BAT for short.
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B.A.T. (expanded: Bureau of Astral Troubleshooters) is a futuristic point and click adventure game with some RPG elements. It was released in 1990 and available on several home computer platforms. It was developed by Computer's Dream and published by Ubisoft.
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Microsoft Batch File
File extension:
Type of format: Scripting In MS-DOS, OS/2, and Windows, a batch file is a text file containing a series of commands intended to be executed by the command interpreter.
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File extension:
.bat .cmd .btm Type of format: Scripting In MS-DOS, OS/2, and Windows, a batch file is a text file containing a series of commands intended to be executed by the command interpreter.
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G.I. Joe character
BAT
Affiliation
Series , The Battle Android Trooper (BAT for short) is a robot from the G.I. Joe universe. Created by the evil Cobra Organization, the BATs provide disposable brute strength to the Cobra army.
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BAT
Affiliation
Series , The Battle Android Trooper (BAT for short) is a robot from the G.I. Joe universe. Created by the evil Cobra Organization, the BATs provide disposable brute strength to the Cobra army.
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Best Available Technology (or just BAT) is a term applied with regulations on limiting pollutant discharges with regard to the abatement strategy. Similar terms are best available techniques , best practicable means or
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In medical terminology, blunt trauma, blunt injury, non-penetrating trauma or blunt force trauma refers to a type of physical trauma caused to a body part, either by impact, injury or physical attack; the latter usually being referred to as blunt force trauma.
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British American Tobacco
Public
Founded 1902
Headquarters London, England, UK
Key people Jan du Plessis, Chairman
Paul Adams, Chief Executive
Industry Tobacco
Products Tobacco
Revenue £25.2 billion (2006)
Operating income £2.
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Public
Founded 1902
Headquarters London, England, UK
Key people Jan du Plessis, Chairman
Paul Adams, Chief Executive
Industry Tobacco
Products Tobacco
Revenue £25.2 billion (2006)
Operating income £2.
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British Antarctic Territory
Flag Coat of Arms
Motto: Research and Discovery
Anthem: God Save the Queen
Status British Overseas Territory
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Flag Coat of Arms
Motto: Research and Discovery
Anthem: God Save the Queen
Status British Overseas Territory
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Brown adipose tissue (BAT) or brown fat is one of the two types of adipose tissue (the other being white adipose tissue) that is present in many newborn or hibernating mammals as well as migratory birds. Its primary purpose is to generate body heat.
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In 1953, Alfa Romeo began a joint collaboration project with the Italian design house; Bertone. Of the successful project came three cars: the BAT 5 in 1953, the BAT 7 in 1954, and finally the BAT 9 in 1955.
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BATS Improv (formerly known as "Bay Area Theatresports") is a non-profit improvisational theatre company in San Francisco. Founded in 1986, their unique style of acting-based improvisational theatre is well-known in improv circles around the world.
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Better Alternative Trading System (BATS) is the third-largest share trading electronic communication network in the U.S. cash equities system, trailing only NASDAQ and NYSE Arca. The company is led by President and CEO Joe Ratterman, who replaced founder Dave Cummings July 1, 2007.
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Bat or Bats may refer to:
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- Bat, the flying mammal
- Bat conservation, "save the bats!"
- Bat detector, a device used to detect the presence of bats
- Woman, offensive slang i.e.
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- Chiroptera, the order of flying mammals commonly called "bats"
- Chiroptera (anime), fictional creatures in the anime series Blood+
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The Paleocene, "early dawn of the recent", is a geologic epoch that lasted from 65.5 ± 0.3 Ma to 55.8 ± 0.2 Ma (million years ago). It is the first epoch of the Palaeogene Period in the modern Cenozoic era.
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Ernst Haeckel
Born January 16 1834
Died July 9 1919 (aged 85)
Nationality
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Born January 16 1834
Died July 9 1919 (aged 85)
Nationality
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Kunstformen der Natur (Art Forms of Nature) is a book of lithographic and autotype prints by German biologist Ernst Haeckel. Originally published in sets of ten between 1899 and 1904 and as a complete volume in 1904, it consists of 100 prints of various organisms,
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Scientific classification or biological classification is a method by which biologists group and categorize species of organisms. Scientific classification also can be called scientific taxonomy, but should be distinguished from folk taxonomy, which lacks scientific basis.
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Editing of this page by unregistered or newly registered users is currently disabled until (UTC) due to vandalism.
If you are prevented from editing this page, and you wish to make a change, please discuss changes on the talk page, request unprotection, log in, or
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Chordata
Bateson, 1885
Typical Classes
See below
Chordates (phylum Chordata) are a group of animals that includes the vertebrates, together with several closely related invertebrates.
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Bateson, 1885
Typical Classes
See below
Chordates (phylum Chordata) are a group of animals that includes the vertebrates, together with several closely related invertebrates.
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Mammalia
Linnaeus, 1758
Subclasses & Infraclasses
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Linnaeus, 1758
Subclasses & Infraclasses
- Subclass †Allotheria*
- Subclass Prototheria
- Subclass Theria
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Eutheria
Orders[1]
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Orders[1]
- Bobolestes
- Eomaia
- Maelestes
- Montanalestes
- Murtoilestes
- Prokennalestes
- Placentalia
- Superorder
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Laurasiatheria
Orders
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Orders
- Erinaceomorpha
- Soricomorpha
- Chiroptera
- Cetartiodactyla
- Cetacea
- Artiodactyla
- Perissodactyla
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This article may contain original research or unverified claims.
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Please help Wikipedia by adding references. See the for details.
This article has been tagged since September 2007.
This article has been tagged since September 2007.
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Megachiroptera
Dobson, 1875
Family: Pteropodidae
Gray, 1821
Subfamilies
Macroglossinae
Pteropodinae
Megabats constitute the suborder Megachiroptera within the order Chiroptera
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Dobson, 1875
Family: Pteropodidae
Gray, 1821
Subfamilies
Macroglossinae
Pteropodinae
Megabats constitute the suborder Megachiroptera within the order Chiroptera
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Microchiroptera
Dobson, 1875
Superfamilies
Emballonuroidea
Rhinopomatoidea
Rhinolophoidea
Vespertilionoidea
Molossoidea
Nataloidea
Noctilionoidea
The microbats constitute the suborder Microchiroptera
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Dobson, 1875
Superfamilies
Emballonuroidea
Rhinopomatoidea
Rhinolophoidea
Vespertilionoidea
Molossoidea
Nataloidea
Noctilionoidea
The microbats constitute the suborder Microchiroptera
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Mammalia
Linnaeus, 1758
Subclasses & Infraclasses
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Linnaeus, 1758
Subclasses & Infraclasses
- Subclass †Allotheria*
- Subclass Prototheria
- Subclass Theria
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order (Latin: ordo, plural ordines) is a rank between class and family (termed a taxon at that rank). The superorder is a rank between class and order. Exact details of formal nomenclature depend on the Nomenclature Code which applies.
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WING
City of license Dayton, Ohio
Broadcast area Dayton
Branding "ESPN 1410"
Slogan Same as branding
First air date 1921
Frequency 1410 KHZ
Format Sports Talk
ERP 5,000 watts-D/N
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City of license Dayton, Ohio
Broadcast area Dayton
Branding "ESPN 1410"
Slogan Same as branding
First air date 1921
Frequency 1410 KHZ
Format Sports Talk
ERP 5,000 watts-D/N
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