bikont

Information about bikont

Bikonts
Scientific classification
Domain:Eukaryota
(unranked)Bikonta
Supergroups


Apusozoa
Cabozoa
   Rhizaria
   Excavata
Corticata
   Archaeplastida
   Chromalveolata
A Bikont is a eukaryotic cell with two flagella. Another shared trait of bikonts is the fusion of two genes into a single unit: the genes for thymidylate synthase (TS) and dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) encode a single protein with two functions (Cavalier-Smith, 2006). The genes are separately translated in unikonts.

Some research suggests that a unikont (a eukaryotic cell with a single flagellum) was the ancestor of opisthokonts (Animals, Fungi and related forms) and Amoebozoa, and a bikont was the ancestor of Archaeplastida (Plants and relatives), Excavata, Rhizaria, and Chromalveolata. Cavalier-Smith has suggested that Apusozoa, which are typically considered incertae sedis, are in fact bikonts.

References

  • Thomas Cavalier-Smith (2006). "Protist phylogeny and the high-level classification of Protozoa". European Journal of Protistology 39 (4): 338-348. 
  • Alexandra Stechmann and Thomas Cavalier-Smith (2003). "The root of the eukaryote tree pinpointed". Current Biology 13 (17). 
Scientific classification or biological classification is a method by which biologists group and categorize species of organisms. Scientific classification also can be called scientific taxonomy, but should be distinguished from folk taxonomy, which lacks scientific basis.
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Apusozoa
Cavalier-Smith 1997 em.

Orders

Apusomonadida
Ancyromonadida
Hemimastigida
The Apusozoa comprise several genera of flagellate protozoa.
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Rhizaria
Cavalier-Smith, 2002

Phyla

Cercozoa
Retaria
Foraminifera
Radiolaria
The Rhizaria are a major line of protists.
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Excavata

Phyla
Metamonada
Loukozoa
Euglenozoa
Percolozoa
The excavates are a major assemblage of protists, often known as Excavata. The phylogenetic category Excavata contains a variety of free-living and symbiotic forms, and includes some
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Archaeplastida
Adl et al. 2005

Phyla
  • Viridiplantae/Plantae
  • Chlorophyta
  • Charophyta
  • Embryophyta
  • Rhodophyta

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Chromalveolata
Cavalier-Smith, 1998

Phyla
Heterokontophyta
Haptophyta
Cryptophyta
Alveolata
  • Ciliophora
  • Apicomplexa
  • Dinoflagellata


Chromalveolata
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For the insect anatomical structure, see .
A flagellum (plural: flagella) is a long, slender projection from the cell body, composed of microtubules and surrounded by the plasma membrane.
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For a non-technical introduction to the topic, see .
A gene is a locatable region of genomic sequence, corresponding to a unit of inheritance, which is associated with regulatory regions, transcribed regions and/or other functional sequence regions.
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Proteins are large organic compounds made of amino acids arranged in a linear chain and joined together by peptide bonds between the carboxyl and amino groups of adjacent amino acid residues.
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Unikonta

Supergroups

Opisthokonta
Amoebozoa
Unikont is a eukaryotic cell with a single flagellum, at least ancestrally. Current research suggests that a unikont was the ancestor of opisthokonts (animals, fungi and related forms) and amoebozoa, and
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Opisthokonta

Subgroups

Kingdom Animalia
Kingdom Fungi
Choanozoa
:Choanoflagellates
:Corallochytrids
:Mesomycetozoea

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Amoebozoa
Lühe, 1913 emend.

Subgroups
Mycetozoa   (slime moulds)
Archamoebae
Tubulinea
Flabellinea
Uncertain placement
   Acanthopodida
   Stereomyxida
   etc.
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Archaeplastida
Adl et al. 2005

Phyla
  • Viridiplantae/Plantae
  • Chlorophyta
  • Charophyta
  • Embryophyta
  • Rhodophyta

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Excavata

Phyla
Metamonada
Loukozoa
Euglenozoa
Percolozoa
The excavates are a major assemblage of protists, often known as Excavata. The phylogenetic category Excavata contains a variety of free-living and symbiotic forms, and includes some
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Rhizaria
Cavalier-Smith, 2002

Phyla

Cercozoa
Retaria
Foraminifera
Radiolaria
The Rhizaria are a major line of protists.
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Chromalveolata
Cavalier-Smith, 1998

Phyla
Heterokontophyta
Haptophyta
Cryptophyta
Alveolata
  • Ciliophora
  • Apicomplexa
  • Dinoflagellata


Chromalveolata
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Apusozoa
Cavalier-Smith 1997 em.

Orders

Apusomonadida
Ancyromonadida
Hemimastigida
The Apusozoa comprise several genera of flagellate protozoa.
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Professor Thomas (Tom) Cavalier-Smith (born October 21 1942), FRS, FRSC, NERC Professorial Fellow, is a Professor of Evolutionary Biology in the Department of Zoology, at the University of Oxford.
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