Türkçe ansiklopedi, sözlük, genel başvuru ve bilgi sitesi   
  		  Yardım
  Rastgele    

Brandy

For other uses, see Brandy (disambiguation).


Enlarge picture
A bottle of calvados Pays D'Auge


Brandy (short for brandywine, from Dutch brandewijn—'burnt wine'[1]) is a general term for distilled wine, usually 40–60% ethyl alcohol by volume. In addition to wine, this spirit can also be made from grape pomace or fermented fruit juice. Unless specified otherwise, brandy is made from grape wine.[2] It is normally consumed as an after-dinner drink. Brandy made from wine is generally colored with caramel coloring to imitate the effect of long aging in wooden casks; pomace and fruit brandies are generally drunk unaged, and are not usually colored.

History

The origins of brandy are unclear, and tied to the development of distillation. Concentrated alcoholic beverages were known in ancient Greece and Rome and may have a history going back to ancient Babylon. Brandy as it is known today first began to appear in the 12th century and became generally popular in the 14th century.

Initially wine was distilled as a preservation method and as a way to make the wine easier for merchants to transport. It was also thought that wine was originally distilled to lessen the tax which was assessed by volume. The intent was to add the water removed by distillation back to the brandy shortly before consumption. It was discovered that after having been stored in wooden casks, the resulting product had improved over the original distilled spirit.[2] In addition to removing water, the distillation process leads to the formation and break-up of numerous aroma compounds, fundamentally altering the composition of the distillate from its source. Non-volatile substances such as pigments, sugars and salts, remain behind in the still. As a result, the taste of the distillate may be quite unlike that of the original source.

Types of brandy

There are three primary types of brandy. The term "brandy" denotes grape brandy if the type is not otherwise specified.

Grape brandy

Grape brandy is produced by the distillation of fermented grape juice. There are five main subtypes of grape brandies. The European Union legally enforces Cognac as the exclusive name for brandy produced and distilled in the Cognac area of France, and Armagnac from the Gascony area of France, using traditional techniques.

Grape brandies are best drunk from a tulip-shaped glass or a snifter, at cool room temperature. Often it is slightly warmed, by holding the glass in the cup of the palm or gently heating with a candle; however, such heating causes alcohol vapor to become very pungent so that the aromas are overpowered. Brandy, like whisky and red wine, exhibits more pleasant aromas and flavors at a lower temperature, e.g., 16 degrees Celsius (61°F). In most homes, this would imply that the brandy should in fact rather be cooled for maximum enjoyment. Furthermore, alcohol (which makes up 40% of a typical brandy) becomes thin as it is heated, (but more viscous when cooled) leading to a fuller and smoother mouthfeel with less of a burning sensation.

Pomace brandy

Pomace brandy is produced from fermented grape pulp, seeds, and stems that remain after the grapes are pressed for their juice. Examples include the Italian grappa and the French marc.[2]

Fruit brandy

Fruit brandies are distilled from fruits other than grapes. Apple, plum, peach, cherry, raspberry, blackberry, and apricot are the most commonly used fruit. Fruit brandy is usually clear, 80 to 90 proof, and usually drunk chilled or over ice.

Calvados is an apple brandy from the French region of Lower Normandy.[2] Apple is pressed into cider, fermented with yeast and double distilled.

Cherry Brandy is a fruit brandy made from cherries. The most famous brand is the HEERING Cherry Liqueur (also known as Peter Heering or Cherry Heering) of Denmark founded in 1818. Cherries are pressed into a must, matured in oak casks and then blended into a liqueur. HEERING Cherry Liqueur is the original "cherry brandy" ingredient in the Singapore Sling drink from Raffles Hotel, Singapore.

Eau-de-vie is a general French term for fruit brandy.

Kirschwasser is a fruit brandy made from cherries.[2]

Pálinka is a fruit brandy traditional to Hungary.[2] It can be made from any kind of fruit - most often plum (szilva), apricot (barack), grape (törköly), elderberry (bodza), pear (vilmoskörte) and cherry (cseresznye). Less common pálinka-types include apple, peach and even walnut (dió). Mixed pálinka (vegyes) is also popular.

Slivovitz is a fruit brandy made from plums[2], traditional to Bosnia And Herzegovina,Serbia and Croatia.

Slivovice is a strong 70% vol. (and more) fruit brandy made from plums, in Slovakia, the East mountains of the Czech republic (region Valachia - exactly Vizovice) and Southern mountain region of Poland.

Certain varieties of Schnapps or Snaps, light-bodied spirits that are drunk along with a meal in Germanic or Scandinavian countries.

Tuica (tzuika) is the clear Romanian brandy, made mainly from plums, apples, pears, apricots, mulberries, peaches, quinces or mixes of them. Other regional names as turţ, tura, horinca apply. As wine producers, Romania and Moldova have also a production of cognac-style brandy, named vinars or divin.

Brandy and the European Union

The European Union has established a different definition of the term brandy:[3]

5. Brandy or Weinbrand (a) Brandy or Weinbrand is a spirit drink: 1) produced from wine spirit, whether or not .….wine distillate has been added, distilled at less than 94,8% vol., provided that that distillate does not exceed a maximum of 50% of the alcoholic content of the finished product, 2) matured for at least one year in oak receptacles or for at least six months in oak casks with a capacity of less than 1 000 litres, 3) containing a quantity of volatile substances equal to or exceeding 125 grams per hectolitre of 100% vol. alcohol, and derived exclusively from the distillation or redistillation of the raw materials used, 4) having a maximum methanol content of 200 grams per hectolitre of 100% vol. alcohol. (b) The minimum alcoholic strength by volume of brandy or Weinbrand shall be 36%. (c) No addition of alcohol as defined in Annex I(5), diluted or not, shall take place. (d) Brandy or Weinbrand shall not be flavoured. This shall not exclude traditional production methods. (e) Brandy or Weinbrand may only contain added caramel as a means to adapt colour.

This definition formally excludes pomace brandy, fruit brandy and even unaged grape brandy. The same EU regulation defines the names of these excluded spirits as grape marc spirit , fruit spirit and wine spirit. The German term Weinbrand is equivalent to the English term brandy, however, outside the German speaking countries, it is only used for brandies from Austria and Germany. In Poland brandy is sometimes called (together with loan word "brandy) "Winiak" (from "wino" - a wine).

Variations

Pot vs. tower stills

Cognac and South African pot still brandy are examples of brandy produced in batches using pot stills (batch distillation). Many American brandies use fractional distillation in tower stills to perform their distillation. Special pot stills with a fractionation section on top are used for Armagnac.

Aging

A brandy can be aged in one of three main ways.

Brandy Labels

Brandy has a rating system to describe its quality and condition, these indicators can usually be found near the brand name on the label.
A.C. : aged 2 years in wood.
V.S. : "Very Special" or 3-Star, aged at least 3 years in wood.
V.S.O.P. : "Very Special Old Pale" or 5-Star, aged at least 5 years in wood.
X.O. : "Extra Old", Napoleon or Vieille Reserve, aged at least 6 years, Napoleon at least 4 years.
Vintage : Stored in the cask until the time it is bottled with the label showing the vintage date.
Hors D'age: : These are too old to determine the age, although 10 years plus is typical, and are usually of great quality.

Distillation

This article or section may be confusing or unclear for some readers.
Please [improve the article] or discuss this issue on the talk page. This article has been tagged since August 2007.
A batch distillation typically works as follows: Wine with an alcohol concentration of 8-12%v/v and high acidity is boiled in a pot still. Vapours of ethanol, water and the numerous aroma components rise upwards and are collected in a condenser coil where it becomes a liquid again. The alcohol concentration of the condensed product (the distillate) is far higher than in the original wine (roughly 82% by volume). As the alcohol is continuously being removed from the wine, its alcohol concentration drops, resulting in a drop in the instantaneous alcohol concentration of the distillate. When all alcohol has been removed in the wine, the boiling point will be roughly that of water (100 degrees Celsius), and the distillate will contain no more alcohol. The accumulated distillate, however, will contain roughly 3000% alcohol (ethanol) by volume. This distillate is usually distilled a second time and in both cases an amount of distillate is kept separate at the start as well as the end of the distillation process. These fractions are called the "heads" and "tails". The fraction that is kept is called the "heart". The hot conditions in the pot still as well as the fact that it usually consists of copper, cause chemical reactions to take place during the distillation. This leads to the formation of numerous new volatile aroma components, changes in relative amounts of aroma components in the wine, as well as the hydrolysis of components such as esters.

Historical production

As described in the 1728 edition of Cyclopaedia, the following method was used to distill brandy. A cucurbit was filled half full of the liquor from which brandy was to be drawn; and then raised, with a little fire, till about one sixth part was distilled, or till that which falls into the receiver was entirely flammable. This liquor, distilled only once, was called spirit of wine or brandy. Purified by another, or several more distillations, this was then called spirit of wine rectified. The second distillation was made in balneo mariae, and in a glass cucurbit; and the liquor was distilled to about one half the quantity. This was further rectified, as long as the operator thought necessary, to produce brandy. [4]

To abridge these several distillations, which were long and troublesome, a chemical instrument was invented, whereby the rectification of spirit of wine was performed in one single distillation. To test the goodness of the rectified spirit of wine, a portion was lit on fire. If the entire contents were consumed, without leaving any impurity behind, then the liquor was good. Another, better test involved putting a little gunpowder in the bottom of the spirit; if the gunpowder took fire when the spirit was consumed, then the liquor was good.[4]

See also

References

1. ^ (1989) Oxford English Dictionary. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. 
2. ^ (2007) Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.. 
3. ^ European Parliament legislative resolution of 19 June 2007 on the proposal for a regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council on the definition, description, presentation and labelling of spirit drinks
4. ^ This article incorporates content from the 1728 Cyclopaedia, a publication in the public domain.


Alcoholic beverages
 •  • [ e]
Alcohol Ethanol • History of alcohol • Alcohol consumption and health • Alcohol advertising • Drinking culture •
Production Brewing • Distilling • Winemaking
Fermented beverages Beer () • Wine () • Cider () • Rice wine ()
Other • Basi • Huangjiu • Kumis • Mead • Pulque • Sahti • Gouqi jiu
Distilled beverages Agave: Tequila • Mezcal  |  Almond: Amaretto  |  Anise: Absinthe • Arak • Ouzo • Rakı • Pastis • Sambuca
Apple: Applejack • Calvados  |  Barley: Scotch whisky • Irish whiskey • Japanese whisky  |  Coconut: Arrack
Egg: Advocaat  |  Fruit: Brandy • Cognac • Gin • Kirschwasser • Limoncello • Pisco • Rakia • Schnapps • Palinka
Honey: Brenjger • Krupnik  |  Maize: Bourbon whiskey • Corn whiskey • Tennessee whiskey
Plum: Slivovitz • Ţuică  |  Pomace: Grappa • Orujo • Zivania • Tsikoudia • Tsipouro • Rakia
Potato: Vodka • Aquavit • Brennivn • Snaps  |  Sorghum: Baijiu (Kaoliang)
Rice: Rice baijiu • Soju• Awamori  |  Rye: Rye whiskey
Sugarcane/Molasses: Rum • Cachaa • Aguardiente • Falernum • Guaro • Seco Herrerano
Various cereals: Shōchū • Vodka • Whisky • Canadian whisky '''
Mixed drinks Alcopop / Ready to drink / Premixed • Beer cocktails • Cocktails (true) • Flaming beverages • Shooters • Wine cocktails • Mulled wine
Brandy may refer to:
..... Click the link for more information.
Dutch}}} 
Writing system: Latin alphabet (Dutch variant) 
Official status
Official language of:  Aruba
 Belgium
 European Union
 European Union
 Netherlands Antilles
 Suriname
..... Click the link for more information.
Distillation is a method of separating chemical substances based on differences in their volatilities in a boiling liquid mixture. Distillation usually forms part of a larger chemical process, and is thus referred to as a unit operation.
..... Click the link for more information.
Wine is an alcoholic beverage made from the fermentation of grape juice.[1] The natural chemical balance of grapes is such that they can ferment without the addition of sugars, acids, enzymes or other nutrients.
..... Click the link for more information.
Ethanol, also known as ethyl alcohol, drinking alcohol or grain alcohol, is a flammable, colorless, slightly toxic chemical compound, and is best known as the alcohol found in alcoholic beverages.
..... Click the link for more information.
distilled beverage is a consumable liquid containing ethyl alcohol (ethanol) purified by distillation from a fermented substance such as fruit, vegetables, or grain. The word spirits
..... Click the link for more information.
For the Tokyo University supercomputer, see Gravity Pipe.


GRAPE, or GRAphics Programming Environment is a software development environment for mathematical visualization, especially differential geometry and continuum mechanics.
..... Click the link for more information.
Pomace is the solid remains of olives, grapes, or other fruit after pressing for juice or oil. It is essentially the pulp, peel, seeds and stalks of the fruit after the oil, water, or other liquid has been pressed out.
..... Click the link for more information.
The process of Fermentation in wine is the catalyst function that turns grape juice into an alcoholic beverage. During fermentation yeast interact with sugars in the juice to create ethanol and carbon dioxide (as a by-product).
..... Click the link for more information.
fruit has different meanings depending on context. In botany, a fruit is the ripened ovary—together with seeds—of a flowering plant. In many species, the fruit incorporates the ripened ovary and surrounding tissues.
..... Click the link for more information.
Caramel colouring is caramel used as a food colouring; like caramel candy, it is made by controlled heating of sugar, generally in the presence of acids or alkalis and possibly other compounds, a process called caramelization. Its colour ranges from dark brown to black.
..... Click the link for more information.
distilled beverage is a consumable liquid containing ethyl alcohol (ethanol) purified by distillation from a fermented substance such as fruit, vegetables, or grain. The word spirits
..... Click the link for more information.
An alcoholic beverage (also known as booze in slang term) is a drink containing ethanol, commonly known as alcohol, although in chemistry the definition of alcohol includes many other compounds.
..... Click the link for more information.
History of Greece traditionally encompasses the study of the Greek people, the areas they ruled historically, and the territory now composing the modern state of Greece.
..... Click the link for more information.
The Roman Empire is the name given to both the imperial domain developed by the city-state of Rome and also the corresponding phase of that civilization, characterized by an autocratic form of government. This article however is about the latter.
..... Click the link for more information.
Ancient Mesopotamia

Euphrates Tigris
Cities / Empires
Sumer: Uruk ' Ur ' Eridu
Kish ' Lagash ' Nippur
Akkadian Empire: Akkad
Babylon ' Isin ' Susa
Assyria: Assur Nineveh
..... Click the link for more information.
Food preservation is the process of treating and handling food in such a way as to stop or greatly slow down spoilage to prevent foodborne illness while maintaining nutritional value, density, texture and flavor.
..... Click the link for more information.
Merchants function as professionals who deal with trade, dealing in commodities that they do not produce themselves, in order to produce profit.

Merchants can be of two types:
  1. A wholesale merchant operates in the chain between producer and retail merchant.

..... Click the link for more information.
Water is a common chemical substance that is essential to all known forms of life.[1] In typical usage, water refers only to its liquid form or state, but the substance also has a solid state, ice, and a gaseous state, water vapor.
..... Click the link for more information.
aging barrel is a barrel used to age wine or distilled spirits such as whiskey, brandy, or rum.

When a wine or whiskey/whisky ages in a barrel, small amounts of oxygen are introduced as the barrel lets some air in (compare to microoxygenation where oxygen is deliberately
..... Click the link for more information.
For the Tokyo University supercomputer, see Gravity Pipe.


GRAPE, or GRAphics Programming Environment is a software development environment for mathematical visualization, especially differential geometry and continuum mechanics.
..... Click the link for more information.
Cognac (pronounced IPA: [kɔɲak])), named after the town of Cognac in France, is a brandy produced in the region surrounding the town. It must be made from at least 90% Ugni Blanc, Folle Blanche, or Colombard grapes.
..... Click the link for more information.
A pot still is a type of still used in distilling spirits such as whisky or brandy. Heat is applied directly to the pot in which the mash (in the case of whisky) or wine (in the case of Cognac) is contained.
..... Click the link for more information.
Hine is a leading manufacturer of cognac.

Origins

The Hine company is named for its proprietor Thomas Hine (sometimes recorded as Thomas Hone), an English man from Dorset, England.
..... Click the link for more information.
The name Martell is an Irish surname.[1] (It is often confused with the French Surname Martel)

It can also be used to refer to

Places:
..... Click the link for more information.
Rémy Martin is a cognac (a brandy from the Cognac region of France) and champagne cognac a brandy from the tiny Champagne Cognac region of France) originally produced by Rémy Martin, a French winemaker, who founded the company in 1724.
..... Click the link for more information.
Hennessy is one of the oldest and most famous manufacturers of cognac, a type of French distilled wine, or brandy. The company was born when the Irishman Richard Hennessy, who had been a mercenary for the French king, was compensated with land in the town of Cognac in France in
..... Click the link for more information.
Delamain is an independent producer of Cognac based in Jarnac, France. Delamain was founded by James Delamain who was born in Dublin Ireland and has been married to Marie Ranson of the French Roullet family since 1763.
..... Click the link for more information.
Courvoisier is a brand of cognac. Although there exists no evidence that Courvoisier cognac was the favorite drink of Napoleon Bonaparte, who died in 1821, before Courvoisier was officially established by Felix Courvoisier in 1835, the company website [1] claims the
..... Click the link for more information.
Armagnac (IPA [aʁmaɲak]) is a distinctive kind of brandy or eau de vie, made of mainly the same grapes as cognac and undergoing the same aging in oak barrels, but mainly with column still distillation (cognac and part of armagnac is distilled in pot stills).
..... Click the link for more information.


This article is copied from an article on Wikipedia.org - the free encyclopedia created and edited by online user community. The text was not checked or edited by anyone on our staff. Although the vast majority of the wikipedia encyclopedia articles provide accurate and timely information please do not assume the accuracy of any particular article. This article is distributed under the terms of GNU Free Documentation License.