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Computing

For the formal concept of computation, see .
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RAM (Random Access Memory)


The term computing is synonymous with counting and calculating. Originally, people that performed these functions were known as computers. Today it refers to a science and technology that deals with the computation and the manipulation of symbols. "Computing" also refers to the operation and usage of computing machines, the electrical processes carried out within the computing hardware itself, and the theoretical concepts governing them (computer science).

Definitions

The term computing has sometimes been narrowly defined, as in a 1989 ACM report on Computing as a Discipline[1]:
The discipline of computing is the systematic study of algorithmic processes that describe and transform information: their theory, analysis, design, efficiency, implementation, and application. The fundamental question underlying all computing is 'What can be (efficiently) automated?'


However, a broader definition is generally accepted, as illustrated by the 2005 joint report of the ACM and the IEEE, Computing Curricula 2005[2]:

In a general way, we can define computing to mean any goal-oriented activity requiring, benefiting from, or creating computers. Thus, computing includes designing and building hardware and software systems for a wide range of purposes; processing, structuring, and managing various kinds of information; doing scientific studies using computers; making computer systems behave intelligently; creating and using communications and entertainment media; finding and gathering information relevant to any particular purpose, and so on. The list is virtually endless, and the possibilities are vast.


The same report also recognizes that the meaning of computing depends on the context:

Computing also has other meanings that are more specific, based on the context in which the term is used. For example, an information systems specialist will view computing somewhat differently from a software engineer. Regardless of the context, doing computing well can be complicated and difficult. Because society needs people to do computing well, we must think of computing not only as a profession but also as a discipline.


In short, the concept of computing relates to human knowledge and activities which develop and use computer technologies.

Science and theory

Hardware

See information processor for a high-level block diagram.

Instruction-level taxonomies

After the commoditization of memory, attention turned to optimizing CPU performance at the instruction level. Various methods of speeding up the fetch-execute cycle include:

Software

History of computing

Business computing

Human factors

Computer network

Wired and wireless computer network

Computing technology based wireless networking (CbWN)

The main of goal of CbWN is to optimize the system performance of the flexible wireless network.

Computer security

Data

Numeric data

Character data

Other data topics

Mechatronics

Classes of computers

Companies - current

Companies - historic

Organizations

Professional

Standards bodies

See also: Standardization and Standards organization

Open standards

See also Open standard

See also

References

1. ^ Computing as a Discipline (pdf)
2. ^ Computing Curricula 2005 -- The Overview Report (pdf)
 •  • [ e]
Major fields of technology
Applied scienceArtificial intelligence • Ceramic engineering • Computing technology • Electronics • • Energy storage • Engineering physics • Environmental technology • Materials science & engineering • Microtechnology • Nanotechnology • Nuclear technology • Optical engineering
Information and communicationCommunication • Graphics • Music technology • Speech recognition • Visual technology
IndustryConstruction • Financial engineering • Manufacturing • Machinery • Mining
MilitaryBombs • Guns and Ammunition • Military technology and equipment • Naval engineering
DomesticDomestic appliances • Domestic technology • Educational technology • Food technology
EngineeringAerospace • Agricultural • Architectural • Bioengineering • Biochemical • Biomedical • Ceramic • Chemical • Civil • Computer • Construction • Cryogenic • Electrical • Electronic • Environmental • Food • Industrial • Materials • Mechanical • Mechatronics • Metallurgical • Mining • Naval • Nuclear • Petroleum • Software • Structural • Systems • Textile • Tissue
Health and safetyBiomedical engineering • Bioinformatics • Biotechnology • Cheminformatics • Fire protection engineering • Health technologies • Pharmaceuticals • Safety engineering • Sanitary engineering
TransportAerospace • Aerospace engineering • Marine engineering • Motor vehicles • Space technology • Transport
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machine (derived from the latin machina) is any device that transmits or modifies . In common usage, the meaning is restricted to devices having rigid moving parts that perform or assist in performing some work.
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Electronics is the study of the flow of charge through various materials and devices such as, semiconductors, resistors, inductors, capacitors, nano-structures, and vacuum tubes. All applications of electronics involve the transmission of power and possibly information.
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For other uses, see Process (disambiguation).
In science, a process is every sequence of changes of a real object/body which is observable using scientific method. Therefore, all sciences analyse and model processes.
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computer is a machine which manipulates data according to a list of instructions.

Computers take numerous physical forms. The first devices that resemble modern computers date to the mid-20th century (around 1940 - 1941), although the computer concept and various machines
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Computer science, or computing science, is the study of the theoretical foundations of information and computation and their implementation and application in computer systems.
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Association for Computing Machinery

Formation 1947
Headquarters New York, NY
Membership 83,000
President Stuart Feldman
Website [1]

The Association for Computing Machinery, or ACM
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Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers

Type Professional Organization
Founded January 1, 1963
Origins Merger of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers and the Institute of Radio Engineers
Key people Leah H.
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computer is a machine which manipulates data according to a list of instructions.

Computers take numerous physical forms. The first devices that resemble modern computers date to the mid-20th century (around 1940 - 1941), although the computer concept and various machines
..... Click the link for more information.
Computer science, or computing science, is the study of the theoretical foundations of information and computation and their implementation and application in computer systems.
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Computer science, or computing science, is the study of the theoretical foundations of information and computation and their implementation and application in computer systems.
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Computational science (or scientific computing) is the field of study concerned with constructing mathematical models and numerical solution techniques and using computers to analyze and solve scientific, social scientific and engineering problems.
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Metacomputing is all computing and computing-oriented activity which involves computing knowledge (science and technology) common for the research, development and application of different types of computing.
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information processor or information processing system, as its name suggests, is a system (be it electrical, mechanical or biological) which takes information (a sequence of enumerated states) in one form and processes (transforms) it into another form, e.g.
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computer is a machine which manipulates data according to a list of instructions.

Computers take numerous physical forms. The first devices that resemble modern computers date to the mid-20th century (around 1940 - 1941), although the computer concept and various machines
..... Click the link for more information.
Computer hardware is the physical part of a computer, including the digital circuitry, as distinguished from the computer software that executes within the hardware. The hardware of a computer is infrequently changed, in comparison with software and data, which are "soft" in the
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CPU design is the design engineering task of producing a CPU, a component of computer hardware. It is a subfield of electronics engineering and computer engineering.

Overview

CPU design focuses on these areas:
  1. Datapaths (such as ALUs and pipelines)

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as a college campus, industrial complex, or a military base. A CAN, may be considered a type of MAN (metropolitan area network), but is generally limited to an area that is smaller than a typical MAN.
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computer is a machine which manipulates data according to a list of instructions.

Computers take numerous physical forms. The first devices that resemble modern computers date to the mid-20th century (around 1940 - 1941), although the computer concept and various machines
..... Click the link for more information.
Computing hardware has been an important component of the process of calculation and computer data storage since it became useful for numerical values to be processed and shared.
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Dynamic RAM (DRAM) modules

Two 512 MB DRAM Modules

Connects to:
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instruction set is (a list of) all instructions, and all their variations, that a processor can execute.

Instructions include:
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reduced instruction set computer (RISC, pronounced like "risk") is a CPU design philosophy that favors an instruction set reduced both in size and complexity of addressing modes, in order to enable easier implementation, greater instruction level parallelism, and
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complex instruction set computer (CISC pronouced sisk) is a microprocessor instruction set architecture (ISA) in which each instruction can execute several low-level operations, such as a load from memory, an arithmetic operation, and a memory store, all in a single
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superscalar CPU architecture implements a form of parallelism called Instruction-level parallelism within a single processor. It thereby allows faster CPU throughput than would otherwise be possible at the same clock rate.
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Very Long Instruction Word or VLIW refers to a CPU architecture designed to take advantage of instruction level parallelism (ILP). A processor that executes every instruction one after the other (i.e.
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Computer software is a general term used to describe a collection of computer programs, procedures and documentation that perform some task on a computer system. [1]
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Software engineering is the application of a systematic, disciplined, quantifiable approach to the development, operation, and maintenance of software.[1] The term software engineering
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Computer programming (often shortened to programming or coding) is the process of writing, testing, and maintaining the source code of computer programs. The source code is written in a programming language.
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computer is a machine which manipulates data according to a list of instructions.

Computers take numerous physical forms. The first devices that resemble modern computers date to the mid-20th century (around 1940 - 1941), although the computer concept and various machines
..... Click the link for more information.


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