First-wave feminism

Information about First-wave feminism

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First-wave feminism refers to a period of feminist activity during the nineteenth century and early twentieth century in the United Kingdom and the United States. It focused on de jure (officially mandated) inequalities, primarily on gaining the right of women's suffrage. The term, "first-wave," was coined retroactively after the term second-wave feminism began to be used to describe a newer feminist movement that focused as much on fighting de facto (unofficial) inequalities as it did de jure inequalities.

United Kingdom

In the UK, Mary Wollstonecraft, published the first feminist treatise A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1792), in which she advocated the social and moral equality of the sexes. Her later unfinished work "Maria, or the Wrongs of Women" earned her considerable criticism as she dared to acknowledge the existence of women's sexual desires, which was taboo in Georgian England.

Wollstonecraft is regarded as the grandmother of British feminism and her ideas shaped the thinking of the Suffragettes. The Suffragettes campaigned for the women's vote, which was eventually granted − to some women in 1918 and to all in 1928 − as much because of the part played by British women during the First World War, as of the efforts of the Suffragettes.

United States

In the United States prominent leaders of this movement include Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony, who each campaigned for the abolition of slavery prior to championing women's right to vote. Anthony and other activists (such as Victoria Woodhull and Matilda Joslyn Gage) made attempts to cast votes prior to their legal entitlement to do so, for which many of them faced charges. Other important leaders include Lucy Stone, Olympia Brown, and Helen Pitts.

First-wave feminism involved a wide range of women, some belonging to conservative Christian groups (such as Frances Willard and the Woman's Christian Temperance Union), others resembling the diversity and radicalism of much of second-wave feminism (such as Matilda Joslyn Gage and the National Woman Suffrage Association).

In the United States, the end of first-wave feminism is often linked with the passage of the Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution (1919), granting women the right to vote. This was a major victory of the movement which also included reforms in higher education, in the workplace and professions, and in healthcare.

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Feminism is an ideology focusing on equality of the sexes.[1] Feminism comprises a number of social, cultural and political movements, theories and moral philosophies concerned with gender inequalities and discrimination against women.
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The feminist movement (also known as the Women's Movement or Women's Liberation) is a series of campaigns on issues such as reproductive rights (including abortion), domestic violence, maternity leave, equal pay, sexual harassment, and sexual violence.
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Feminist theory is the extension of feminism into theoretical, or philosophical, ground. It encompasses work done in a broad variety of disciplines, prominently including the approaches to women's roles and lives and feminist politics in anthropology and sociology, economics,
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Feminist film theory is theoretical work within film criticism which is derived from feminist politics and feminist theory. Feminists have taken many different approaches to the analysis of cinema.
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Feminist economics broadly refers to a developing branch of economics that applies feminist insights and critiques to economics. Research under this heading is often interdisciplinary, critical, or heterodox.
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Feminist Sexology is an offshoot of traditional studies of sexology that focuses on the intersectionality of sex and gender in relation to the sexual lives of women. Feminist sexology shares many principles with the overarching field of sexology; in particular, it does not try to
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Women’s rights, as a term, typically refers to the freedoms inherently possessed by women and girls of all ages, which may be institutionalized, ignored or illegitimately suppressed by law, custom, and behavior in a particular society.
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Pro-feminism refers to support of the cause of feminism without implying that the supporter is a member of the feminist movement. The term is most often used in reference to men who are actively supportive of feminism and of efforts to bring about gender equality.
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Antifeminism is opposition to feminism in some or all of its forms.[1] It addresses a range of points either criticizing feminist ideology and practice or arguing that it be restrained.
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Women's history is the history of female human beings.

Rights and equality

Women's rights refers to the social and human rights of women. One of the first women's rights declaration was the "Declaration of Sentiments".
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Feminist history refers to the re-reading and re-interpretation of history from a female perspective. It is not the same as the history of feminism, which outlines the origins and evolution of the feminist movement.
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The term women's suffrage refers to an economic and political reform movement aimed at extending suffrage — the right to vote — to women. The movement's origins are usually traced to the United States in the 1820s.
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1755
  • Corsica (rescinded upon annexation by France in 1769)
  • 1756 colonial, Massachusetts, Lydia Taft, Uxbridge, Massachusetts town meeting
  • 1776

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    • suffragette (also occasionally spelled suffraget) was given to members of the women's suffrage movement, originally in the United Kingdom. The word was originally coined to describe a more radical faction of the suffrage movement in the UK, mainly members of the Women's
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    Women's suffrage in New Zealand was an important political issue at the turn of the 19th century. Among self-governing countries still extant today, New Zealand was the first to give women the vote in national elections.
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    Suffragist is a more general term for members of the movement, whether radical or conservative, male or female. American women preferred this more inclusive title, but people in the United States who were hostile to suffrage for the American woman used the UK word.
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    women's suffrage in the United States was a primary effort of those involved in the greater women's rights movement of the 19th century. Women's suffrage was permanently granted in 1920 with the passage of the Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution.
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    Second-wave feminism refers to a period of feminist activity which began during the early 1960s and lasted through the late 1980s.

    Overview

    Second Wave Feminism is generally identified with a period beginning in the early nineteen sixties.
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    See also:  and
    Third-wave feminism is a term identified with several diverse strains of feminist activity and study beginning in the early 1990s.
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    Amazon feminism is dedicated to the image of the female hero in fiction and in fact, as it is expressed in art and literature in the physiques and feats of female athletes, martial artists, and other powerfully built women, and in gender-related and sexual orientations.
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    Anarcha-feminism (also called anarchist feminism and anarcho-feminism) combines anarchism with feminism . It views patriarchy as a manifestation of hierarchy and thus a fundamental problem of society .
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    Black feminism essentially argues that sexism and racism are inextricable from one another[1]. Forms of feminism that strive to overcome sexism and class oppression but ignore or minimize race can perpetuate racism and thereby contribute to the oppression of many
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    Chicana feminism, also called Xicanisma, is a group of social theories that analyze the historical, social, political, and economic roles of Mexican American, Chicana, and Hispanic women in the United States. It is especially concerned with issues of gender.
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    Christian feminism, a branch of feminist theology, seeks to interpret and understand Christianity in the scope of the equality of men and women morally, socially, spiritually and in leadership.
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    Cultural feminism is the ideology of a female nature or female essence reappropriated by feminists themselves in an effort to revalidate undervalued female attributes. (Alcoff, 1988).
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    Difference feminism is a philosophy that stresses that men and women are ontologically different versions of the human being. Many Catholics adhere to and have written on the philosophy, though the philosophy is not specifically Catholic.
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    Ecofeminism is a minor social and political movement which unites environmentalism and feminism[1], with some currents linking deep ecology and feminism.[2]
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    Equity feminism and gender feminism are terms coined by Christina Hoff Sommers in her book Who Stole Feminism?.[]

    Equity feminism

    Hoff Sommers describes Equity feminism as an ideology that aims for full civil and legal equality and distinguish it from
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    Equality feminism is a submovement of feminism. It is fundamentally at odds with difference feminism and expresses the crucial similarities between the 'male' and 'female' sexes.
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    Fat feminism or fat-positive feminism is a form of feminism that argues overweight women are economically, educationally, and socially disadvantaged due to their size.
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