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History

This article is about the study of time in human terms. For Wikipedia material on history, see . For current events, see . For what happened on this date in history, see (UTC). For the science of locating events in time, by methods not necessarily related to human records, see chronology. For other uses, see History (disambiguation).


Enlarge picture
The title page to The Historians' History of the World.


History is the study of the past, focused on human activity and leading up to the present day.[1] More precisely, history is the continuous, systematic narrative and research of past events as relating to the human race [1]; as well as the study of all events in time, in relation to humanity.[3] Those who study it as a profession are called historians. All events that are remembered and preserved in some form constitute the historical record.[3] Some historians study universal history. Others focus on certain methods, such as chronology, demography, historiography, genealogy, paleography, or cliometrics, or on certain areas, such as History of Brazil (1889–1930), History of China, or History of Science.

Broad discipline

The study of history has sometimes been classified as part of the humanities and at other times as part of the social sciences[5] It can also be seen as a bridge between those two broad areas, incorporating methodologies from both. Some individual historians strongly support one or the other classification.[6] In modern academia, history is increasingly classified as a social science. In the 20th century the study of history was revolutionized by French historian Fernand Braudel, by using such outside disciplines as economics, anthropology, and geography in the study of global history.

Traditionally, historians have attempted to answer historical questions through the study of written documents, although historical research is not limited merely to these sources. In general, the sources of historical knowledge can be separated into three categories: what is written, what is said, and what is physically preserved, and historians often consult all three.[7] Historians frequently emphasize the importance of written records, which would limit history to times after the development of writing. This emphasis has led to the term prehistory[8] to refer to any period of human history predating surviving written records. Since writing emerged at different times throughout the world, and since some kinds of written records are more perishable than others, the distinction between prehistory and history is often blurred.

There are a variety of ways in which history can be organized, including chronologically, culturally, and topically. These three divisions are not mutually exclusive, and significant overlaps are often present, as in "The Argentine Labor Movement in an Age of Transition, 1930–1945." It is possible for historians to concern themselves with both the very specific and the very general, although the modern trend has been toward specialization. The area called Big History resists this specialization, and searches for universal patterns or trends. History has often been studied with some practical or theoretical aim, but also may be studied out of simple intellectual curiosity.[9]

History and prehistory

Further information: Protohistory
Enlarge picture
Stonehenge, United Kingdom
The development, transmission, and transformation of cultural practices and events are the subject of history. In the 20th century, the division between history and prehistory became problematic. Criticism arose because of history's implicit exclusion of certain civilizations, such as those of Sub-Saharan Africa and pre-Columbian America. Historians in the West have been criticized for focusing disproportionately on the Western world.[10][11]

Additionally, prehistorians such as Vere Gordon Childe and historical archaeologists such as James Deetz began using archaeology to explain important events in areas that were traditionally in the field of written history. Historians began looking beyond traditional political history narratives with new approaches such as economic, social and cultural history, all of which relied on various sources of evidence. In recent decades, strict barriers between history and prehistory may be decreasing.

There are differing views for the definition of when history begins. Some believe history began in the 34th century BC, with cuneiform writing. Cuneiform was written on clay tablets, on which symbols were drawn with a blunt reed called a stylus. The impressions left by the stylus were wedge-shaped, thus giving rise to the name cuneiform ("wedge-shaped"). The Sumerian script was adapted for the writing of the Akkadian, Elamite, Hittite, Luwian, Hurrian, and Urartian languages, and it inspired the Old Persian and Ugaritic national alphabets. Even older pictographic scripts from the region are also known, including the pre-cuneiform Proto-Elamite and Indus scripts (still undeciphered).

Sources that can give light on the past, such as oral tradition, linguistics, and genetics, have become accepted by many mainstream historians. Nevertheless, archaeologists distinguish between history and prehistory based on the appearance of written documents within the region in question. This distinction remains critical for archaeologists because the availability of a written record generates very different interpretative problems and potentials.

Historiography

Main article: Historiography


Historiography has a number of related meanings. It can refer to the history of historical study, its methodology and practices (the history of history). It can also refer to a specific body of historical writing (for example, "medieval historiography during the 1960s" means "medieval history written during the 1960s"). Historiography can also be taken to mean historical theory or the study of historical writing and memory. As a meta-level analysis of descriptions of the past, this third conception can relate to the first two in that the analysis usually focuses on the narratives, interpretations, worldview, use of evidence, or method of presentation of other historians.

Scientific views

Main article: Entropy and life
In 1910, American historian Henry Adams printed and distributed to university libraries and history professors the small volume A Letter to American Teachers of History proposing a "theory of history" based on the second law of thermodynamics and the principle of entropy.[12][13] This, essentially, is the use of the arrow of time in history.

Notes and references

1. ^ Whitney, W. D. (1889). The Century dictionary; an encyclopedic lexicon of the English language. New York: The Century Co. Page 2842.
2. ^ Whitney, W. D. (1889). The Century dictionary; an encyclopedic lexicon of the English language. New York: The Century Co. Page omg no sence 2842.
3. ^ WordNet Search - 3.0, "History".
4. ^ WordNet Search - 3.0, "History".
5. ^ Scott Gordon and James Gordon Irving, The History and Philosophy of Social Science. Routledge 1991. Page 1. ISBN 0415056829
6. ^ Ritter, H. (1986). Dictionary of concepts in history. Reference sources for the social sciences and humanities, no. 3. Westport, Conn: Greenwood Press. Page 416.
7. ^ Michael C. Lemon (1995). The Discipline of History and the History of Thought. Routledge. Page 201. ISBN 0415123461
8. ^ archaeological.org
9. ^ Graham, Gordon (1997). "Chapter 1", The Shape of the Past. Oxford University. 
10. ^ Jack Goody (2007) The Theft of History Cambridge University Press ISBN 0521870690
11. ^ Segal, Daniel A.; Sylvia J. Yanagisako (eds.), James Clifford, Ian Hodder, Rena Lederman, Michael Silverstein (2005). Unwrapping the Sacred Bundle: Reflections on the Disciplining of Anthropology. Duke University Press.  Introduction available online. Reviewed by Daniel Reichman of Cornell University; Eric Alden Smith of the University of Washington; Herbert S. Lewis of the University of Wisconsin-Madison; and Hoon Song of the University of Minnesota.
12. ^ Adams, Henry. (1986). History of the United States of America During the Administration of Thomas Jefferson (pg. 1299). Library of America.
13. ^ Adams, Henry. (1910). A Letter to American Teachers of History. Google Books, Scanned PDF. Washington.
14. ^ [1]
15. ^ [2] Estimate of HIStory sales
16. ^ [3]
17. ^ (1991). The Magic and the Madness. Headline. ISBN 1-55972-064-6. ]]
18. ^ [4]
19. ^ [5]

Further reading

External links

Further reading
General Information


HIStory – Past, Present and Future, Book I
Enlarge picture
HIStory – Past, Present and Future, Book I cover
Compilation album (half studio, half compilation) by Michael Jackson
Released June 20, 1995
Recorded 1978–1995
Genre R&B/Pop
Length Disc one: 71:38
Disc two: 77:12
Label Epic Records
EK-59000
Producer Michael Jackson
James Harris
Janet Jackson
Terry Lewis
Dallas Austin
David Foster
Bill Bottrell
R. Kelly
Teddy Riley
Professional reviews
Michael Jackson chronology
Dangerous
(1991)		HIStory
(1995)
(1997)


HIStory - Past, Present and Future, Book I is a double-disc album (one half greatest hits, one half studio album) by American musician Michael Jackson released in June of 1995 by the Epic Records division of Sony BMG.

The first disc, (HIStory Begins) contains fifteen hit singles from the past fifteen plus years of his career to this point (which was re-released in late 2001 as an only-compilation project, entitled Greatest Hits - HIStory Volume I). The tracklist included fourteen U.S. Top 10 singles (nine of which were number-one hits) plus the worldwide top 5 hit "Heal the World". The second disc, (HIStory Continues) contains fifteen previously unreleased recordings, five of which were released as singles.

HIStory debuted at #1 in several countries including the UK and the U.S, while also being was nominated for several 1996 Grammy Awards, including Album of the Year, which it did not win however "Scream's" expensive science fiction-inspired music video won a Grammy Award for Best Short-Form Music Video.

Track listing

Disc one: HIStory Begins

  1. "Billie Jean" (Jackson) – 4:54
  2. "The Way You Make Me Feel" (Jackson) – 4:57
  3. "Black or White" (Jackson/Bottrell) – 4:15
  4. "Rock with You" (Temperton) – 3:40
  5. "She's out of My Life" (Bahler) – 3:38
  6. "Bad" (Jackson) – 4:07
  7. "I Just Can't Stop Loving You" featuring Siedah Garrett (Jackson) – 4:12
  8. "Man in the Mirror" (Ballard/Garrett) – 5:19
  9. "Thriller" (Temperton/Jackson) – 5:57
  10. "Beat It" (Jackson) – 4:18
  11. "The Girl Is Mine" featuring Paul McCartney (Jackson) – 3:41
  12. "Remember the Time" (Riley/Jackson/Belle) – 3:59
  13. "Don't Stop 'Til You Get Enough" (Jackson) – 6:05
  14. "Wanna Be Startin' Somethin'" (Jackson) – 6:04
  15. "Heal the World" (Jackson) – 6:24

Disc two: HIStory Continues

  1. "Scream" featuring Janet Jackson (Harris/Lewis/Jackson/Jackson) – 4:38
  2. "They Don't Care About Us" (Jackson) – 4:44
  3. "Stranger in Moscow" (Jackson) – 5:44
  4. "This Time Around" featuring The Notorious B.I.G. (Moore/Austin/Swedien/Jackson/Wallace) – 4:20
  5. "Earth Song" (Jackson) – 6:46
  6. "D.S." (Jackson) – 4:49
  7. "Money" (Jackson) – 4:41
  8. "Come Together" (Lennon/McCartney) – 4:02
  9. "You Are Not Alone" (Kelly) – 5:45
  10. "Childhood (Theme from Free Willy 2)" (Jackson) – 4:28
  11. "Tabloid Junkie" (Harris/Lewis/Jackson) – 4:32
  12. "2 Bad" featuring Shaquille O'Neal (Harris/Lewis/Jackson/O'Neal) – 4:49
  13. "HIStory" featuring Boyz II Men on background vocals (Harris/Lewis/Jackson) – 6:37
  14. "Little Susie" (Jackson) – 6:13
  15. "Smile" (Chaplin) – 4:56

Overview

HIStory was the first album where Jackson showcased his instrumental abilities, playing keyboard and synthesizer, guitar, drums and percussion on the album, as well as lead and backing vocals. He was also more involved in the production of this album, collaborating with producers Jimmy Jam & Terry Lewis, Dallas Austin, Bill Bottrell and R. Kelly.

Sony Music backed the album's promotion with a 30 million dollar promotion and marketing campaign, the largest budget set for an album at that time. The campaign included a full set of singles and music videos, television and radio advertising, an 82 concert world tour, and eventually a remix album. Reviews were mixed and Jackson was ridiculed in the press for his promotional campaign of erecting statues of himself around Europe and floating himself down the River Thames.

For the first time in his career, Jackson significantly utilizes coarse language on this album, the majority of which are still not allowed on network television in the United States. Michael also experimented with more genres on HIStory than on any other album, ranging from orchestral to adult contemporary R&B to "Gothic pop".

Sales

In America, HIStory had the best sales debut of 1995, selling over 390,000 copies in its first week. In October 1999, the RIAA certified HIStory at 7x Platinum, for shipments of 3.5 million in the United States. Thus far, HIStory has sold an estimated 18 million copies worldwide (36 million units) and is one of the greatest selling multiple-disc album of all times.[14] The first disc of previously released hits was re-released in 2001 selling an estimated 3 million.[15].

Initial sales were strong, with the album debuting at #1 in most countries around the world. In the U.S., it outsold Dangerous's first weeks total with 391,000 copies sold as compared to 326,500. In the UK, it sold 100,000 in its first 2 days making it at that time, the fastest-selling album ever. It did not keep up these initial good sales figures however and only remained at #1 in the U.S. for 2 weeks and in the UK for 1 week. It remained at the top of other album charts around the world for an average of 2 weeks.

Sales in the UK picked up during the huge success of the second single "You Are Not Alone" and particularly the only-European hit "Earth Song". Sales by the end of the year were just over 1 million copies making it triple platinum. The other successful HIStory singles and the tour helped HIStory to go onto sell over 1.5 million copies during its promotional period. This was not as good as Dangerous but in revenue terms much higher due to HIStory's price. In fact, HIStory was the second highest-grossing album during 1995 in the UK.

Sales in the U.S. picked up during the success of "You Are Not Alone" but the decision by Sony USA to not release a follow up single caused sales to start a decline . "This Time Around" and "Earth Song" were released to radio instead in an attempt to get people to buy the album. The fact that Michael cancelled his One Night Only concert in New York City due to a health scare was a set-back. The album would go on to be awarded a 7x Platinum award for 3.5 million copies sold by the RIAA. This was just over half of Dangerous's total sales of 7 million. In the UK, the album grossed more in revenue terms than Dangerous and most other albums released during 1995.

Worldwide, the album sold well in Asia, Africa, Europe and Australia, where it was certified 7x Platinum (490,000 copies) in Australia by ARIA. It was Michael's best-selling album ever in Denmark, Switzerland, Holland and Belgium. With sales increased by the HIStory World Tour and successful singles, it went on to sell 10 million copies outside the UK and U.S. Total European sales as of late 1996 were 6 million copies. This was a similar figure to Bad but not as good as Dangerous.

Facts to note:

Singles

"Scream"/"Childhood"

Enlarge picture
An image containing lines from "Scream" within the HIStory booklet. The picture is Das Lied ("The Song"), a 1981 watercolor by Gottfried Helnwein, with added handwritten lyrics by Michael Jackson.


The first single from the album was "Scream"/"Childhood", released in May 1995 as a double A-side single. "Scream" was a duet between Michael and his younger sister Janet, and "Childhood" was the theme song for the Warner Bros. film Free Willy 2. Both songs were supported by a music video. "Scream"'s expensive science fiction-inspired music video won a Grammy Award for Best Short-Form Music Video, and an MTV Video Music Award for Best Choreography in 1995. "Childhood"'s Peter Pan-inspired video showed Jackson singing in a forest with pirate ships floating above him.

The double A-side single made history by debuting at its peak of number five on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 Singles Chart, the highest debut chart position to that point, breaking a 25-year record set by the Beatles with their single "Let It Be", which debuted at number six in 1970. The single remained on the U.S. charts for 17 weeks, and by July 31, 1995, it had been certified Platinum. The single also reached number three in the UK, number two in Australia and number one in New Zealand, Finland, Spain, Hungary, Italy, France, and also on the Eurochart Hot 100 Singles Chart.

"You Are Not Alone"

HIStory's second single, "You Are Not Alone", was written and produced by R. Kelly and released in August 1995. It became the first-ever single to debut at number one on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100, garnering Jackson a "Billboard Hot 100 Achievement Award" for this accomplishment. The single remained on the U.S. charts for 20 weeks, and within 8 weeks was certificated Platinum for selling over a million. It also went to number one in the UK, New Zealand, Ireland, France, Switzerland, and on the Eurochart (where it stayed for 6 weeks). The music video was controversial in that it featured an almost totally nude Jackson and then-wife Lisa Marie Presley.

Plagiarism

SABAM, a Belgian right society, confirmed that the melody for "You Are Not Alone" was originally composed in 1993 by veteran Belgian songwriters, producers, and music publishers, Eddy & Danny Van Passel. As can be seen in this document, dated October 18, 1995, SABAM found that "the largest part of the melody is identical. There is a strong similarity (75%)". On September 11 2007, a Belgian judge ruled that it was indeed plagiarism. The song was subsequently banned from the airwaves in Belgium. [16]

"Earth Song"

"Earth Song" was the third single released from the album in December 1995, except in the U.S., where it was released to radio along with the song "This Time Around". In the UK, "Earth Song" debuted at number one and stayed there for 6 weeks. By doing so, the single went on the become the UK Christmas number-one single for 1995. "Earth Song" remained on the charts a total of 19 weeks, and is Jackson's biggest UK hit.

The single also reached number one in Germany, Switzerland, Latvia and the Eurochart. In total, it reached the top 10 in 16 European countries. At the 1996 BRIT Awards, the song caused some controversy. Jarvis Cocker protested against Jackson's performance of the song, claiming Jackson was taking on a "Christ-like" image. Because of the performance and Cocker's protest, "Earth Song" climbed back up the UK charts (from number 38 to number 16). It went on to sell 3 million copies worldwide making it the most successful single on the album. The video for "Earth Song" was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Short Form Music Video in 1996, but the song lost out to the costly video for Michael's other single "Scream".

"They Don't Care About Us"

"They Don't Care About Us" was the fourth single released from HIStory in May 1996, and also caused controversy - this time over alleged anti-Semitic lyrics. Jackson changed the lyrics "Jew me, sue me" and "kick me, kike me" to various outcomes in order for the single to be played on radio and music television. The original music video, which was shot in March on the streets of Rio de Janeiro in Brazil, was reportedly not "entirely satisfactory" to Jackson's liking, and so a second music video, the "Prison Version", was made a week later. However, this new music video was banned in some countries, due to complaints that it was too violent, and on both MTV and VH1 it was only allowed to be shown after the 9 o'clock watershed.

In the UK, "They Don't Care About Us" reached number four and stayed in the top 100 for 18 weeks, whilst in both Germany and Italy it reached number one. In contrast, the single peaked on the Billboard Hot 100 at number 30, but remained on the chart for 13 weeks. On the Eurochart, "They Don't Care About Us" peaked at number two, and stayed there for 8 weeks, and all together stayed on the chart 26 weeks.

"Stranger in Moscow"

"Stranger in Moscow", released in November 1996, was the fifth single from HIStory, and like "They Don't Care About Us", it proved to be more popular in Europe than the United States. In Britain, "Stranger in Moscow" reached number four, and remained in the top 100 for 16 weeks. In both Spain and Italy, it reached number one, whilst on the Eurochart it reached number six and remained in the top 100 for 17 weeks. The single was a commercial failure in the United States, peaking at number 91 on the Billboard Hot 100 before dropping off the chart completely.

"HIStory/Ghosts"

In June 1997, just as the second leg of the Michael Jackson's HIStory tour was at its midway point, "HIStory (Tony Moran's History Lesson)" - a remixed version of the song "HIStory", was released worldwide (except in the U.S.), along with "Ghosts", a track from Jackson's 1997 album . The single debuted on the UK Singles Chart at number five, and remained on the charts for 8 weeks. In France and Italy, the single reached number four and number three respectively. The single also made the top 50 in Australia, peaking at #43.[6]

"Smile"

"Smile" is a cover version of Charlie Chaplin's 1928 song, which Jackson covered for its inclusion on HIStory. It was due to be released as HIStory's seventh and final single in October 1997[17] . However its release was subsequently cancelled by Sony. (There are a few promotional CD singles and 12" Vinyls floating around, which have been sold on eBay, ranging in price from £550-£850)

Outtakes

Music sample

"You Are Not Alone"
written by R. Kelly
Problems listening to the file? See media help


"What abut us" is an outtake from Dagerouse album

Credits

"Scream"

"They Don't Care About Us"

"Stranger in Moscow"

"This Time Around"

the song has swearing in it

"Earth Song"

"D.S."

"Money"

"Come Together"

"You Are Not Alone"

"Childhood (Theme From "Free Willy 2")"

"Tabloid Junkie"

"2 Bad"

"History"

"Little Susie"

Enlarge picture
Another image from the HIStory booklet by the same artist as the image containing lines from "Scream", Das Lied. This image is Lichtkind ("Child of Light"), a 1972 detailed photograph by Gottfried Helnwein. It is featured on page 37 of the HIStory booklet as a picture for the song "Little Susie", a song about a little girl called Susie who was murdered.

"Smile"

Artist credits

Technical credits

Certifications

Country Certification Shipments Sales
United States7x Platinum3,500,0002,500,000
United Kingdom5x Platinum1,500,0001,000,000
Germany7x Platinum1,500,0001,000,000
France4x Platinum1,400,0001,000,000
Canada5x Platinum [18]500,000 [18]500,000
Australia7x Platinum490,000350,000
Netherlands3x Platinum240,000150,000
Switzerland3x Platinum150,000100,000
BrazilPlatinum350,000250,000
Austria2x Platinum80,00050,000
NorwayPlatinum40,00025,000
IsraelPlatinum40,00040,000
Finland2x Platinum60,00050,000

Notes

<references/>

See also

External links


  •  • [ e] Michael Jackson
Album discography
Got to Be There Ben Music and Me Forever, Michael Off the Wall Thriller Bad Dangerous HIStory Invincible TBA
Tours
Destiny Tour Triumph Tour Victory Tour Bad World Tour Dangerous World Tour HIStory World Tour
Filmography
The Wiz Thriller Captain EO Moonwalker Ghosts
Records and achievements
List of Michael Jackson's awards
Controversies
Neverland Ranch 1993 child molestation allegations against Michael Jackson Living with Michael Jackson Michael Jackson 2005 child molestation trial Physical appearance Post trial lawsuits against Michael Jackson
Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) is a high-precision atomic time standard. UTC has uniform seconds defined by International Atomic Time (TAI), with leap seconds announced at irregular intervals to compensate for the earth's slowing rotation and other discrepancies.
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Chronology is the science of locating events in time. An arrangement of events, from either earliest to latest or the reverse, is also called a chronology or, particularly when involving graphical elements, a timeline or a living graph. See also Chronicle.
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History is information about the recorded past.

History may also refer to: works known as History
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A narrative is a concept, composed and delivered in any medium, which describes a sequence of real or unreal events. It derives from the Latin verb narrare, which means "to recount" and is related to the adjective gnarus, meaning "knowing" or "skilled".
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Research is a human activity based on intellectual investigation and aimed at discovering, interpreting, and revising human knowledge on different aspects of the world. Research can use the scientific method, but need not do so.
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The Human Race could be:
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time.

One view is that time is part of the fundamental structure of the universe, a dimension in which events occur in sequence, and time itself is something that can be measured.
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profession is an occupation, vocation or career where specialized knowledge of a subject, field, or science is applied.[1] It is usually applied to occupations that involve prolonged academic training and a formal qualification.
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historian is an individual who studies history and who writes on history.[1] The person may be an authority (or expert) over history,<ref name="wordnetprinceton" /> but this is not a requirement.
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Universal history is basic to the Western tradition of historiography, especially the Judeo-Christian wellspring of that tradition. Simply stated, universal history is the presentation of the history of mankind as a whole, as a coherent unit.
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Chronology is the science of locating events in time. An arrangement of events, from either earliest to latest or the reverse, is also called a chronology or, particularly when involving graphical elements, a timeline or a living graph. See also Chronicle.
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Demography is the statistical study of all populations. It can be a general science that can be applied to any kind of dynamic population, that is, one that changes over time or space (see population dynamics).
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Historiography studies the processes by which historical knowledge is obtained and transmitted. Broadly speaking, historiography examines the writing of history and the use of historical methods, drawing upon such elements such as authorship, sourcing, interpretation, style, bias,
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Genealogy (from Greek: γενεα, genea, "family"; and λόγος, logos, "knowledge") is the study and tracing of family pedigrees.
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Palaeography (British) or paleography (American) (from the Greek παλαιός palaiós, "old" and γράφειν graphein
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Cliometrics refers to the systematic use of economic theory and econometric techniques to study economic history. The term was originally coined by Jonathan R.T. Hughes and Stanley Reiter in 1960 and refers to Clio, who was the muse of history and heroic poetry in Greek mythology.
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The history of China is told in traditional historical records that refer as far back as the Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors about 5,000 years ago, supplemented by archaeological records dating to the 16th century BC. China is one of the world's oldest continuous civilizations.
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history of science began with the publication of William Whewell's History of the Inductive Sciences (first published in 1837). A more formal study of the history of science as an independent discipline was launched by George Sarton's publications,
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The humanities are those academic disciplines which study the human condition using methods that are largely analytic, critical, or speculative, as distinguished from the mainly empirical approaches of the natural and social sciences.
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The social sciences are a group of academic disciplines that study human aspects of the world. They diverge from the arts and humanities in that the social sciences tend to emphasize the use of the scientific method in the study of humanity, including quantitative and qualitative
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Academia is a collective term for the scientific and cultural community engaged in higher education and research, taken as a whole.

The word comes from the akademeia just outside ancient Athens, where the gymnasium was made famous by Plato as a center of learning.
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The social sciences are a group of academic disciplines that study human aspects of the world. They diverge from the arts and humanities in that the social sciences tend to emphasize the use of the scientific method in the study of humanity, including quantitative and qualitative
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historian is an individual who studies history and who writes on history.[1] The person may be an authority (or expert) over history,<ref name="wordnetprinceton" /> but this is not a requirement.
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Fernand Braudel (August 24 1902–November 27 1985) was a French historian. He revolutionized the 20th century study of his discipline by considering the effects of such outside disciplines as economics, anthropology, and geography on global history[1].
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Economics is the social science that studies the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services. The term economics comes from the Greek for oikos (house) and nomos (custom or law), hence "rules of the house(hold).
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Anthropology (from Greek: ἄνθρωπος, anthropos, "human being"; and λόγος, logos, "speech" lit. to talk about human beings) is the study of humanity.
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Geography - (from the Greek words Geo (γη) or Gaea (γαία), both meaning "Earth", and graphein (γράφειν) meaning "to describe" or "to write"
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worldwide view of the subject.
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The history of writing encompass the various writing systems that evolved in the Early Bronze Age (late 4th millennium BCE) out of neolithic
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Prehistory (Latin, præ = before Greek, ιστορία = history) is a term often used to describe the period before written history. Paul Tournal originally coined the term Pré-historique
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Culture (from the Latin cultura stemming from colere, meaning "to cultivate,") generally refers to patterns of human activity and the symbolic structures that give such activity significant importance.
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