introgression

Information about introgression

Introgression, in genetics (particularly plant genetics), is the movement of a gene (gene flow) from one species into the gene pool of another by backcrossing an interspecific hybrid with one of its parents. An example of introgression is that of a transgene from a transgenic plant to a wild relative as the result of a successful hybridization leading to intentional or unintentional "genetic pollution", and another important example has been studied by Arnold & Bennett 1993: irises species from southern Louisiana. [1]

But there are evidences that the introgression is a ubiquitous phenomenon in plants, even in animals [2] [3] and perhaps it also exists among pre-human lineages (Holliday 2003 [4]).

An introgression line (abbreviation: IL) in plant molecular biology is a line of a crop species that contains genetic material derived from a similar species, for example a "wild" relative. An example of a collection of ILs (called IL-Library) is the use of chromosome fragments from Solanum pennellii (a wild variety of tomato) introgressed in Solanum lycopersicum (the cultivated tomato). The lines of a IL-Library covers usually the complete genome of the donor. Introgression lines allow the study of quantitative trait loci, but also the creation of new varieties by introducing exotic traits.

See also

References

1. ^ Arnold, M. L. & Bennett, B. D. (1993). "Natural Hybridization in Louisiana irises: genetic variation and ecological determinants". In: Harrison, R. G. (ed.) Hybrid Zones and Evolutionary Process, pp. 115-139. Oxford University Press, New York. ISBN 978-0195069174
2. ^ Dowling, T. E. & Secor, C. L. (1997). The role of hybridization and introgression in the diversification of animals. Annual Review Ecology and Systematics 28:593-619.
3. ^ Bullini, L. 1994. Origin and evolution of animal hybrid species. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 9: 422–426.
4. ^ Holliday, T. W. (2003). Species concepts, reticulations, and human evolution. Current Anthropology 44: 653–673.
  • Anderson, E. 1949. Introgressive Hybridization. Wiley, New York.
  • Eyal Friedman et al., "Zooming In on a Quantitative Trait for Tomato Yield Using Interspecific Introgressions", Science vol.305 pag.1786-1798 (2004)
  • Rieseberg, L. H. & Wendel, J. F. (1993). "Introgression and its consequences in plants". In: Harrison, R. G. (ed.) Hybrid Zones and Evolutionary Process, pp. 70-109. Oxford University Press, New York. ISBN 978-0195069174
Genetics is the science of heredity and variation in living organisms.[1][2] Knowledge of the inheritance of characteristics has been implicitly used since prehistoric times for improving crop plants and animals through selective breeding.
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For a non-technical introduction to the topic, see .
A gene is a locatable region of genomic sequence, corresponding to a unit of inheritance, which is associated with regulatory regions, transcribed regions and/or other functional sequence regions.
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In population genetics, gene flow (also known as gene migration) is the transfer of alleles of genes from one population to another.
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hybrid has two meanings.[1]

The first meaning is the result of interbreeding between two animals or plants of different taxa. Hybrids between different species within the same genus are sometimes known as interspecific hybrids or crosses.
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A transgene is a gene or genetic material which has been transferred by any of a number of genetic engineering techniques from one organism to another.

In its most precise usage, the term transgene describes a segment of DNA containing a gene sequence which has been isolated
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Transgenic plants possess a gene or genes that have been transferred from a different species. Although DNA of another species can be integrated in a plant genome by natural processes, the term "transgenic plants" refers to plants created in a laboratory using recombinant DNA
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Genetic pollution, genetic contamination or genetic swamping happens when original set of naturally evolved (wild) region specific genes / gene pool of wild animals and plants become hybridized with domesticated and feral varieties or with the genes of other nonnative wild
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Iris
L.

Species
See text
Iris is a genus of between 200-300 species of flowering plants with showy flowers which takes its name from the Greek word for a rainbow, referring to the wide variety of flower colors found among the many species.
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Plantae
Haeckel, 1866[1]

Divisions

Green algae
  • Chlorophyta
  • Charophyta
Land plants (embryophytes)
  • Non-vascular land plants (bryophytes)

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Molecular biology is the study of biology at a molecular level. The field overlaps with other areas of biology and chemistry, particularly genetics and biochemistry. Molecular biology chiefly concerns itself with understanding the interactions between the various systems of a cell,
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Agriculture (from Agri Latin for ager ("a field"), and culture, from the Latin cultura "cultivation" in the strict sense of "tillage of the soil". A literal reading of the English word yields "tillage of the soil of a field".
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Figure 1: A representation of a condensed eukaryotic chromosome, as seen during cell division.]] A chromosome is a single large macromolecule of DNA, and constitutes a physically organized form of DNA in a cell.
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S. lycopersicum

Binomial name
Solanum lycopersicum
L.

Synonyms

Lycopersicon lycopersicum
Lycopersicon esculentum

The tomato (Solanum lycopersicum
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S. lycopersicum

Binomial name
Solanum lycopersicum
L.

Synonyms

Lycopersicon lycopersicum
Lycopersicon esculentum

The tomato (Solanum lycopersicum
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In biology the genome of an organism is its whole hereditary information and is encoded in the DNA (or, for some viruses, RNA). This includes both the genes and the non-coding sequences of the DNA.
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Polygenic inheritance, also known as quantitative or multifactorial inheritance refers to inheritance of a phenotypic characteristic (trait) that is attributable to two or more genes and their interaction with the environment.
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character is an attribute of an organism that allows it to be compared with another. In genetics this refers to heritable features which can exist in more than one state.[1] A trait
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In population genetics, gene flow (also known as gene migration) is the transfer of alleles of genes from one population to another.
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A transgene is a gene or genetic material which has been transferred by any of a number of genetic engineering techniques from one organism to another.

In its most precise usage, the term transgene describes a segment of DNA containing a gene sequence which has been isolated
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Hybridisation or Hybridization may refer to:
  • In genetics, hybridisation is the process of mixing different species or varieties of organisms to create a hybrid

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Genetic engineering, recombinant DNA technology, genetic modification/manipulation (GM) and gene splicing are terms that are applied to the direct manipulation of an organisms genes.
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genetically modified organism (GMO) is an organism whose genetic material has been altered using the genetic engineering techniques generally known as recombinant DNA technology.
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Transgenic plants possess a gene or genes that have been transferred from a different species. Although DNA of another species can be integrated in a plant genome by natural processes, the term "transgenic plants" refers to plants created in a laboratory using recombinant DNA
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chimera is an animal that has two or more different populations of genetically distinct cells that originated in different zygotes; if the different cells emerged from the same zygote, it is called a mosaicism.
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For the guitarist named Gene Pool, see Greg Flesch.


In population genetics, a gene pool is the complete set of unique alleles in a species or population.
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Genetic pollution, genetic contamination or genetic swamping happens when original set of naturally evolved (wild) region specific genes / gene pool of wild animals and plants become hybridized with domesticated and feral varieties or with the genes of other nonnative wild
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Genetic erosion is a process whereby an already limited gene pool of an endangered species of plant or animal diminishes even more when individuals from the surviving population die off without getting a chance to meet and breed with others in their endangered low population (see:
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Science is the academic journal of the American Association for the Advancement of Science and is considered one of the world's most prestigious scientific journals. The journal is peer-reviewed, is published weekly, and has a print subscriber base of around 130,000.
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