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Minaret

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For the mountain formation, see Minarets (California).


Minarets (Arabic manara (lighthouse) منارة, but more usually مئذنة) are distinctive architectural features of Islamic mosques. Minarets are generally tall spires with onion-shaped crowns, usually either free standing or much taller than any surrounding support structure.

Functions of Minaret

Enlarge picture
Mosque in Aswan, Egypt, with minarets.
As well as providing a visual cue demarcating a Muslim community center and territory, the call to prayer is traditionally given from the top of the minaret. In some of the oldest mosques, such as the Great Mosque of Damascus, minarets originally served as watchtowers illuminated by torches (hence the derivation of the word from the Arabic nur, meaning "light"). In more recent times, the main function of the minaret was to provide a vantage point from which the muezzin can call out the adhan, calling the faithful to prayer. In most modern Mosques, the adhan is called not in the minaret, but in the musallah, or prayer hall, via a microphone and speaker system.

In a practical sense, these are also used for natural air conditioning. As the sun heats the dome, air is drawn in through open windows and up and out of the shaft, thereby causing a natural ventilation.

Minarets have been described as the "gate from heaven and earth", and as the Arabic language letter alif (which is a straight vertical line).

The world's tallest minaret (at 210 meters) is located at the Hassan II Mosque in Casablanca, Morocco. The world's tallest brick minaret is Qutub Minar located in Delhi, India. There are two 230 meter tall minarets under construction in Tehran, Iran.

Construction

Minarets basically consist of three parts: a base, shaft, and a gallery. For the base, usually the ground underneath the towering minarets is excavated until a hard foundation is reached. Gravel and other supporting materials may be used as a foundation, and it is rare that one is built directly upon ground-level soil. Single minarets within an elongated body are either conical (tapering at the top), cylindrical (a circular shaft) or polygonal (with edges, as opposed to cylindrical). Stairs circle the shaft in a counter-clockwise fashion, providing the necessary structural support for highly elongated shafts. The gallery is a balcony which encircles the upper section where the muezzin will give the call to prayer. It is covered by a roof-like canopy and adorned with ornamentation, such as decorative brick and tile work, cornices, arches and inscriptions. Originally plain in style, a minaret's origin in time can be determined by the level of the gallery's ostentation.

Local Styles

Styles and architecture can vary widely according to region and time period. Here are a few styles and the localities from which they derive:
Turkish (11th cen)
1,2,4 or 6 minarets related to the size of the mosque. Slim , circular stickwise minarets. Equal cross-section.
Egypt (7th cen) / Syria (until 13th century)
Low square towers sitting at the four corners of the mosque.
Iraq
Free-standing conical minaret surrounded by a spiral staircase.
Egypt (15th century)
Octagonal. Two balconies, the upper smaller than the lower, over projecting friezes of stalactite vaulting, surmounted by an elongated finial.
Persia (17th century)
Two pairs of slim towers flanking the mosque entrance, terminating in covered balconies and encased in blue tile.


Tatar (18th century): A sole minaret is used, placed at the center of a gable roof. (See Marjani Mosque for the image and ).


Morocco: Generally a single minaret, which is normally square. The only octagonal minaret known is located in Chefchaouen.


China - Emin Minaret built in 1778 by Emperor Qianlong of the Qing Dynasty

Examples


The Charminar in Hyderabad, India

The minaret of the Al Muhdhar
thumb|center
The Sultan Ahmet Mosque Minarets in Istanbul, Turkey.


Opposition to minarets

See also: Minaret controversy in Switzerland

As a symbolic marker of Muslim presence, minarets have occasionally elicited political and religious opposition in traditionally non-Muslim countries. Notably, in 2007 Swiss right-wing politicians, including leaders of the co-governing Swiss People's Party, announced the launch of a people's initiative that would amend the constitution to prohibit the building of minarets (but not of mosques themselves).[1] Switzerland has currently only two minarets, in Zürich and Geneva, but the construction of several others is being planned.

References

1. ^ Adam Beaumont. "Rightwingers want nationwide vote on minarets", Swissinfo, May 3, 2007. 

External links

mosque is a place of worship for followers of the Islamic faith. Muslims often refer to the mosque by its Arabic name, masjid Arabic: مسجد — pronounced: /ˈmæsʤɪd/ (pl.
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Architecture is the art and science of designing buildings and structures. A wider definition often includes the design of the total built environment: from the macrolevel of town planning, urban design, and landscape architecture to the microlevel of construction details and,
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A mihrab (Arabic: ألمحراب pl. محاريب) is a niche in the wall of a mosque that indicates the qibla, that is, the direction of Kaaba that Muslims should face when praying.
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minbar (Arabic: منبر, also spelt mimbar) is a pulpit in the mosque where the Imam (leader of prayer) stands to deliver sermons (khutbah خطبه ).
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Architectural styles classify architecture in terms of form, , materials, time period, region, etc. It overlaps with, and emerges from the study of the evolution and history of architecture.
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The Sudano-Sahelian is an architectural style common in the Sahel. The style reached its height during the Mali and Songhay Empires in West Africa during the 16th and 17th centuries.
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Iwan or eyvan (Persian: ayvān) is defined as a vaulted hall or space, walled on three sides, with one end entirely open.

Iwans were a trademark of the Sassanid architecture of Persia, later finding their way into Islamic architecture.
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The Other or constitutive other (also referred to as othering) is a key concept in continental philosophy, opposed to the Same. It refers, or attempts to refer to, that which is other than the concept being considered.
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Conversion of non-Muslim houses of worship into mosques began during the life of Muhammad and continued during subsequent Islamic conquests and under the Muslim rule. As a result, numerous churches, synagogues, Zoroastrian and Hindu temples became mosques.
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Kadam Rasul (also Kadam Rasul Allah) are shrines and mosques that contain stones believed to bear the footprint of Muhammad, the prophet and founder of Islam.
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Masjid-u-Shajarah (mosque of the tree) is a miqat (place where ihram is put on) for those going to Mecca for umrah or hajj. Abar Ali is the name of a place where Masjid-u-Shajarah is situated, 7 km outside of Medina in Dhul Hulaifah.
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A list of notable mosques around the world:

Asia

Afghanistan

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This is a list of mosques in Africa.

Nigeria


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This is a list of mosques in Europe.

Albania

Armenia

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This is a list of mosques in the United States of America.

California

Connecticut


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Muslim (Arabic: مسلم) is an adherent of the religion of Islam. The feminine form of 'Muslim' is Muslimah (Arabic: مسلمة).
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For the building, see Minaret.


The Minarets are a series of jagged peaks in the Sierra Nevada Mountains of the state of California in the southwestern United States.
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al-‘Arabiyyah in written Arabic (Kufic script):  
Pronunciation: /alˌʕa.raˈbij.ja/
Spoken in: Algeria, Bahrain, Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco, Oman,
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mosque is a place of worship for followers of the Islamic faith. Muslims often refer to the mosque by its Arabic name, masjid Arabic: مسجد — pronounced: /ˈmæsʤɪd/ (pl.
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Grand Mosque of Damascus, also known as the Umayyad Mosque (Arabic: جامع بني أمية الكبير, transl.
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The muezzin (in Arabic: مؤذن mu’aḏḏin) is a chosen person at the mosque who leads the call (adhan
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Adhan (Azaan) (أَذَان) is the Islamic call to prayer, recited by the muezzin. The root of the word is ʼḏn "to permit", and another derivative of this word is
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mosque is a place of worship for followers of the Islamic faith. Muslims often refer to the mosque by its Arabic name, masjid Arabic: مسجد — pronounced: /ˈmæsʤɪd/ (pl.
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Adhan (Azaan) (أَذَان) is the Islamic call to prayer, recited by the muezzin. The root of the word is ʼḏn "to permit", and another derivative of this word is
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microphone, sometimes referred to as a mike or mic (both IPA pronunciation: [maɪk]), is an acoustic to electric transducer or sensor that converts sound into an electrical signal.
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al-‘Arabiyyah in written Arabic (Kufic script):  
Pronunciation: /alˌʕa.raˈbij.ja/
Spoken in: Algeria, Bahrain, Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco, Oman,
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