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Parallel Voting

Electoral methods
This series is part of the
Politics and the Election series
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Parallel voting describes a mixed voting system where voters in effect participate in two separate elections using different systems, and where the results in one election have little or no impact on the results of the other. Specifically, it usually refers to the semi-proportional system used in Japan, South Korea and elsewhere, sometimes known as the Supplementary Member system (see below). Some political scientists call it Mixed Member Majoritarian (MMM). Parallel voting or MMM is distinct from mixed member proportional voting where there is one election, and the party vote determines what share of seats each party will receive in the legislature. Parallel voting was commonly referred to as the Russian System until Russia ceased to use it.

The Supplementary Member system (SM) is a parallel voting system that combines plurality voting (sometimes called "first past the post") with proportional representation.

Procedure

Under SM, a proportion of seats in the legislature are filled by pluralities in single member constituencies. The remainder are filled from party lists, with parties often needing to have polled a certain amount, typically a small percentage, in order to achieve representation, as is common in many proportional systems.

Unlike Mixed Member Proportional, where party lists are used to achieve an overall proportional result in the legislature, under SM, proportionality is confined only to the list seats. Therefore, a party that secured say 5% of the vote will have only 5% of the list seats, and not 5% of all the seats in the legislature.

The proportion of list seats compared to total seats ranges widely, from 37.5% in Japan to 18.7% in South Korea to 68.7% in Armenia.

Advantages and disadvantages

SM allows smaller parties that cannot win individual elections to secure some representation in the legislature; however, unlike in a proportional system they will have a substantially smaller delegation than their share of the total vote.

A criticism of proportional voting systems is that the largest parties need to rely on the support of smaller ones in order to form a government. However, smaller parties are still disadvantaged as the larger parties still predominate. In countries where there is one dominant party and a divided opposition, the proportional seats may be essential for allowing an effective opposition.

Since plurality voting in single member constituencies is likely to lead to clear majorities, and thus "strong government" , the extra seats that the big parties are likely to win as well are unnecessary for strong government. The opposition, which may only win seats in the SM part of the election, may be too weak to ensure that the government is accountable, leading to less than good government.

Countries like Japan, Russia and Thailand adopted a parallel system as a means by which incentives for greater party cohesiveness could be injected. If you're trying to build strong parties during democratization or realigning your democracy, this is a good system to use. The party is sure to elect the candidates at the top of its list, guaranteeing safe seats for the leadership. By contrast, under the MMP system a party that does well in the local seats will not need or receive any compensatory list seats, so the leadership has to run in the local seats.

Countries where used

Enlarge picture
Countries where the parallel voting system is used.

Formerly

See also

External links

Voting
Part of a series of articles
on Politics and Elections


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Politics is the process by which groups of people make decisions. Although the term is generally applied to behavior within civil governments, politics is observed in all human group interactions, including corporate, academic, and religious
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An election is a decision making process where people choose people to hold official offices. This is the usual mechanism by which modern democracy fills offices in the legislature, sometimes in the executive and judiciary, and for regional and local government.
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The plurality voting system is a single-winner voting system often used to elect executive officers or to elect members of a legislative assembly which is based on single-member constituencies.
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Preferential voting (or preference voting) is a type of ballot structure used in several electoral systems in which voters rank a list or group of candidates in order of preference.
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A Condorcet method is a single winner election method in which voters rank candidates in order of preference. There are multiple slightly differing methods—including the Kemeny-Young method, Ranked Pairs, and the Schulze method—that satisfy the definition to be
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Copeland's method is a Condorcet method in which the winner is determined by finding the candidate with the most pairwise victories.

Proponents argue that this method is easily understandable to the general populace, which is generally familiar with the sporting
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The Kemeny-Young method is a voting system that uses preferential ballots, pairwise comparison counts, and sequence scores to identify the most popular choice, and also identify the second-most popular choice, the third-most popular choice, and so on down to the
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Nanson method and Baldwin method.

Nanson method

The Nanson method is based on the original work of the mathematician Edward J. Nanson.

Nanson's method
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Ranked Pairs (RP) or Tideman (named after its developer Nicolaus Tideman) is a voting method that selects a single winner using votes that express preferences. RP can also be used to create a sorted list of winners.
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two-round system (also known as the second ballot or runoff voting) is a voting system used to elect a single winner. Under runoff voting, the voter simply casts a single vote for their favourite candidate.
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Instant-runoff voting (IRV) is a voting system used for single-winner elections in which voters have one vote, but can rank candidates in order of preference. In an IRV election, if no candidate receives a majority of first choices, the candidate with the fewest number of
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The Coombs' method, created by Clyde Coombs, is a voting system used for single-winner elections in which each voter rank-orders the candidates. It is very similar to Instant Runoff Voting (also known as 'Preferential Voting' or the Alternative Vote).
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The Schulze method is a voting system developed in 1997 by Markus Schulze that selects a single winner using votes that express preferences. The method can also be used to create a sorted list of winners.
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Approval voting is a voting system used for elections, in which each voter can vote for as many or as few candidates as desired. It is typically used for single-winner elections.
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Range voting (also called ratings summation, average voting, cardinal ratings, 0–99 voting, or the score system or point system
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Proportional representation (sometimes referred to as full representation, or PR), is a category of electoral formula aiming at a close match between the percentage of votes that groups of candidates (grouped by a certain measure) obtain in elections and the percentage of seats
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Mixed member proportional representation, also termed mixed-member proportional voting and commonly abbreviated to MMP, is a voting system used to elect representatives to numerous legislatures around the world.
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Party-list proportional representation systems are a family of voting systems used in multiple-winner elections (e.g. elections to parliament), emphasizing proportional representation (PR). They can also be used as part of mixed additional member systems.
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The D'Hondt method (equivalent to Jefferson's method, and Budder-Ofer method) is a highest averages method for allocating seats in party-list proportional representation. The method is named after Belgian mathematician Victor D'Hondt.
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The highest averages method is one way of allocating seats proportionally for representative assemblies with party list voting systems.

The highest averages method
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The largest remainder method is one way of allocating seats proportionally for representative assemblies with party list voting systems. It is a contrast to the highest averages method.
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Single transferable vote (STV) is a preferential voting system designed to minimize wasted votes and provide proportional representation while ensuring that votes are explicitly for candidates rather than party lists.
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Cumulative voting (also accumulation voting or weighted voting) is a multiple-winner voting system intended to promote proportional representation while also being simple to understand.
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The single non-transferable vote or SNTV is an electoral system used in multi-member constituency elections.

Voting

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Cumulative voting (also accumulation voting or weighted voting) is a multiple-winner voting system intended to promote proportional representation while also being simple to understand.
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Bloc voting (or block voting) refers to a class of voting systems which can be used to elect several representatives from a single multimember constituency. There are several variations of bloc voting depending on the ballot type used; however, they all produce similar
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Limited voting is a voting system in which electors have fewer votes than there are positions available. The positions are awarded to the candidates who receive the most votes absolutely.
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Demarchy is a term that describes a political system based on randomly selected groups of decision makers, also known as sortition. Demarchy attempts to achieve democratic representation without needing elections—it has been referred to as "democracy without elections.
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Sortition (also known as allotment) is a fair method of selection by some form of lottery such as drawing coloured pebbles from a bag. It is used particularly to allot decision makers.
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