Türkçe ansiklopedi, sözlük, genel başvuru ve bilgi sitesi   
  		  Yardım
  Rastgele    

Recidivist

Criminology and Penology
Theories
Anomie
Differential Association Theory
Deviance
Labeling Theory
Rational Choice Theory
Social Control Theory
Social Disorganization Theory
Social Learning Theory
Strain Theory
Subcultural Theory
Symbolic Interactionism  Victimology
Types of crimes
Blue-collar crime  Corporate crime
Juvenile crime
Organized crime
Political crime  Public order crime
Public order case law in the U.S.
State crime  State-corporate crime
White-collar crime  Victimless crime
Penology
Deterrence  Prison
Prison reform  Prisoner abuse
Prisoners' rights  Rehabilitation
Recidivism  Retribution
Utilitarianism
See also:
This box:  •  • [ edit]


This article is about recidivism in criminology and penology. For recidivism in medicine, see Recidivism (medicine).


Recidivism (IPA: [ɹɪˈsɪdɪvɪzm̩]; from recidive + ism, from Latin recidīvus "recurring", from re- "back" + cadō "I fall") is the act of a person repeating an undesirable behavior after they have either experienced negative consequences of that behavior, or have been treated or trained to extinguish that behavior. The term is most frequently used in conjunction with substance abuse and criminal behavior. For example, scientific literature may refer to the recidivism of sexual offenders, meaning the frequency with which they are detected or apprehended committing additional sexual crimes after being released from prison for similar crimes. (If to be counted as recidivism the re-offending requires voluntary disclosure or arrest and conviction, the real recidivism rate may differ substantially from reported rates.) As another example, alcoholic recidivism might refer to the proportion of people who, after successful treatment by Alcoholics Anonymous, report having, or are determined to have, returned to the abuse of alcohol.

As reported on BBC Radio 4 on 2 September 2005, the recidivism rates for released prisoners in the United States of America is 60% compared with 50% in the United Kingdom but cross-country statistical comparisons are often questionable. The report attributed the lower recidivism rate in the UK to a focus on rehabilitation and education of prisoners compared with the US focus on punishment, deterrence and keeping potentially dangerous individuals away from society.

Some observers now view the treatment of recidivism, especially for criminal offenders who are at risk of re-incarceration, as being a mental health issue rather than a "crime" issue for which choice theory based programs may be highly effective.

The United States Department of Justice tracked the rearrest, re-conviction, and re-incarceration of former inmates for 3 years after their release from prisons in 15 States in 1994.[1] Key findings include:

Positive recidivism

Since the word effectively means 'continued rebellion against authority', the ethics and morals of recidivism are dependent on who defines 'undesirable behavior'. Positive examples of recidivism would include several notable individuals of the French Resistance, who continued exhibiting behavior not desired by the de-facto rulers of France at the time, many activists in the American Civil Rights Movement, and the characters from Brave New World.

Michael Maltz wrote an extensive monograph (2 MB) on the subject of recidivism in the US in 1994.

External links

See also
This box:  •

..... Click the link for more information.
Penology (from the Latin poena, "punishment") comprises penitentiary science: that concerned with the processes devised and adopted for the punishment, repression, and prevention of crime, and the treatment of prisoners.
..... Click the link for more information.
Anomie, in contemporary English, means a condition or malaise in individuals, characterized by an absence or diminution of standards or values. When applied to a government or society, anomie implies a social unrest or chaos.
..... Click the link for more information.
Differential Association is a theory developed by Edwin Sutherland proposing that through interaction with others, individuals learn the values, attitudes, techniques, and motives for criminal behavior.
..... Click the link for more information.
Deviant behavior is behavior that is a recognized violation of social norms. Formal and informal social controls attempt to prevent or minimize deviance. One such control is through the medicalization of deviance.
..... Click the link for more information.
Labeling theory (or social reaction theory) is concerned with how the self-identity and behavior of an individual is influenced (or created) by how that individual is categorized and described by others in their society.
..... Click the link for more information.
Rational Choice Theory adopts a Utilitarian belief that man is a reasoning actor who weighs means and ends, costs and benefits, and makes a rational choice.

Discussion

This theory draws on the Classical School represented by the works of Jeremy Bentham and Cesare Beccaria.
..... Click the link for more information.
Social Control Theory as represented in the work of Travis Hirschi fits into the Positivist School, Neo-Classical School, and, later, Right Realism. It proposes that exploiting the process of socialization and social learning builds self-control and reduces the inclination to
..... Click the link for more information.
Social Disorganization Theory was one of the most important theories developed by the Chicago School, related to ecological theories.

William Isaac Thomas and Florian Znaniecki


..... Click the link for more information.
social learning theory to explain deviancy by combining variables which encouraged delinquency (e.g. the social pressure from delinquent peers) with variables that discouraged delinquency (e.g. the parental response to discovering delinquency in their children).
..... Click the link for more information.
Strain Theories state that social structures within society may encourage citizens to commit crime. Following on the work of Émile Durkheim, Strain Theories have been advanced by Merton (1938), Cohen (1955), Cloward and Ohlin (1960), Agnew (1992), and Messner and Rosenfeld (1994).
..... Click the link for more information.
Subcultural Theory emerged from the work of the Chicago School on gangs and developed through the Symbolic Interactionism School into a set of theories arguing that certain groups or subcultures in society have values and attitudes that are conducive to crime and violence.
..... Click the link for more information.
Symbolic interactionism is a major sociological perspective that is influential in many areas of the discipline. It is particularly important in microsociology and sociological social psychology.
..... Click the link for more information.
Victimology is the scientific study of victimization, including the relationships between victims and offenders, the interactions between victims and the criminal justice system -- that is, the police and courts, and corrections officials -- and the connections between victims and
..... Click the link for more information.
blue-collar crime is any crime committed by an individual from a lower social class as opposed to white-collar crime which is associated with crime committed by individuals of a higher social class.
..... Click the link for more information.
corporate crime refers to crimes committed either by a corporation (i.e., a business entity having a separate legal personality from the natural persons that manage its activities), or by individuals that may be identified with a corporation or other business entity (see vicarious
..... Click the link for more information.
Juvenile delinquency refers to criminal acts performed by juveniles. Most legal systems prescribe specific procedures for dealing with juveniles, such as juvenile detention centers.
..... Click the link for more information.
Organized crime or criminal organizations are groups or operations run by criminals, most commonly for the purpose of generating a monetary profit. The Organized Crime Control Act (U.S., 1970) defines organized crime as "The unlawful activities of ...
..... Click the link for more information.
political crime is one involving overt acts or omissions (where there is a duty to act), which prejudice the interests of the state, its government or the political system.
..... Click the link for more information.
public order crime is defined by Siegel (2004) as "...crime which involves acts that interfere with the operations of society and the ability of people to function efficiently", i.e.
..... Click the link for more information.
Sources:

Criminology and Penology
Theories
Anomie
Differential Association Theory
Deviance
Labeling Theory
Rational Choice Theory
Social Control Theory
Social Disorganization Theory
Social Learning Theory
Strain Theory
..... Click the link for more information.
state crime is activity or failures to act that break the state's own criminal law or public international law. For these purposes, Ross (2000b) defines a "state" as the elected and appointed officials, the bureaucracy, and the institutions, bodies and organisations comprising the
..... Click the link for more information.
state-corporate crime or incorporated governance refers to crimes that result from the relationship between the policies of the state and the policies and practices of commercial corporations.
..... Click the link for more information.
white-collar crime or 'incorporated governance' has been defined by Edwin Sutherland "...as a crime committed by a person of respectability and high social status in the course of his occupation.
..... Click the link for more information.
Victimless crime has the following applications:
..... Click the link for more information.
See also: deterrence (psychological)


Criminology and Penology
Theories
Anomie
Differential Association Theory
Deviance
Labeling Theory
Rational Choice Theory
Social Control Theory
Social Disorganization Theory
..... Click the link for more information.
prison, penitentiary, or correctional facility is a place in which individuals are physically confined or interned and usually deprived of a range of personal freedoms.
..... Click the link for more information.
This article or section may contain original research or unverified claims.
Please help Wikipedia by adding references. See the for details.
This article has been tagged since September 2007.

..... Click the link for more information.
Prisoner abuse is the mistreatment of persons while they are under arrest or incarcerated. Abuse falling into this category includes:
..... Click the link for more information.
prisoners' rights is based on the principle that prisoners, even though they are deprived of liberty, are still entitled to basic human rights. Advocates for prisoners' rights argue that they are often deprived of very basic human rights, with the cooperation of the prison
..... Click the link for more information.


This article is copied from an article on Wikipedia.org - the free encyclopedia created and edited by online user community. The text was not checked or edited by anyone on our staff. Although the vast majority of the wikipedia encyclopedia articles provide accurate and timely information please do not assume the accuracy of any particular article. This article is distributed under the terms of GNU Free Documentation License.