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Social Critic

Social criticism analyzes (problematic) social structures and aims at practical solutions by specific measures, radical reform or even revolutionary change.

About

The starting points of social criticism can be very different and the different forms of Socialism (Marxism, Anarchism, etc.) never had a monopoly on Social Criticism. The starting point can be the experience of a minority within society generally (e.g. gay people) or even the experience of a group of people within a progressive social movement which does not live up to its progressive agenda in every respect. Women in the New Left were often dissatisfied with the sexist attitudes of their male counterparts and many of them engaged in second wave feminism, women in the Chicano movement where enraged by similar attitudes and created Chicana feminism. Within (or after ) postmodernism a grand unifying theory no longer seems possible. This does not exclude the possiblity nor the necessity of dialogue. Nevertheless most social critics still consider the Critique of capitalism to be central.

Academic forms of social criticism

The dispute between critical rationalism (e.g. Karl Popper and the Frankfurt School) exemplified the principal problem whether the research in the social sciences should pretend to be 'neutral' or 'objective' or consciously adapt a necessarily partisan view.

Works of social criticism can belong to social philosophy, political economy, sociology, social psychology, psychoanalysis but also cultural studies and other disciplines or reject academic forms of discourse.

Social criticism in literature and music

Social criticism can also be expressed in a fictional form, e.g. in a revolutionary novel like Under the iron heel by Jack London or in dystopian novels like Aldous Huxley's Brave New World (1932) or George Orwell's (Nineteen Eighty-Four) (1949) or Ray Bradburys Fahrenheit 451 (1953), children's books or films.

Fictional literature can have a significant social impact. "For example, the 1852 novel Uncle Tom's Cabin, by Harriet Beecher Stowe furthered the antislavery movement in the United States, and the 1885 novel Ramona, by Helen Hunt Jackson, brought about changes in laws regarding Native Americans. Similarly, Upton Sinclair's 1906 novel The Jungle helped create new laws related to public health and food handling, and Arthur Morrison's 1896 novel A Child of the Jago caused England to change its housing laws." [1]

Musical expressions of social criticism are very frequent in punk music.

Classical works

Among the classical works are: and many of the writings of Pierre Bourdieu

Contemporary authors

References

Sources

1. ^ Netzley 1999: xiii

See also

External links

Social structure is a term frequently used in sociology and more specifically in social theory — yet rarely defined or clearly conceptualised (Jary and Jary 1991, Abercrombie et al 2000).
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Reform means to change, usually a reversion to what is perceived to be a pure original state. It has been used for any change thought to be positive, however.

Reform can refer to:

In politics:
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revolution (from Late Latin revolutio which means "a turn around") is a significant change that usually occurs in a short period of time. Variously defined revolutions have been happening throughout human history.
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Socialism

Currents
Communism
Democratic socialism
Eco-socialism
Guild socialism
Libertarian socialism
Market socialism
Revolutionary socialism
Social democracy
Utopian socialism


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Marxism is both the theory and the political practice (that is, the praxis) derived from the work of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. Any political practice or theory that is based on an interpretation of the works of Marx and Engels may be called Marxism; this includes
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Anarchism (from Greek αναρχία , "without archons," "without rulers")[1] is a political philosophy encompassing theories and attitudes which reject compulsory government[2] and support its elimination,[3]
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minority or subordinate group is a sociological group that does not constitute a politically dominant plurality of the total population of a given society. A sociological minority is not necessarily a numerical minority — it may include any group that is disadvantaged
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Experience as a general concept comprises knowledge of or skill in or observation of some thing or some event gained through involvement in or exposure to that thing or event. The history of the word experience aligns it closely with the concept of experiment.
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Social movements are a type of group action. They are large groupings of individuals and/or organizations focused on specific political or social issues, in other words, on carrying out, resisting or undoing a social change.
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The New Left is a term used in different countries to describe left-wing movements that occurred in the 1960s and 1970s. They differed from earlier leftist movements that had been more oriented towards labour activism, and instead adopted a broader definition of political activism
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Second-wave feminism refers to a period of feminist activity which began during the early 1960s and lasted through the late 1980s.

Overview

Second Wave Feminism is generally identified with a period beginning in the early nineteen sixties.
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the Chicano Movement of the 1960s, also called the Chicano Civil Rights Movement, also known as El Movimiento, it is an extension of the Mexican American Civil Rights Movement
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Chicana feminism, also called Xicanisma, is a group of social theories that analyze the historical, social, political, and economic roles of Mexican American, Chicana, and Hispanic women in the United States. It is especially concerned with issues of gender.
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Postmodernism is a term applied to a wide-ranging set of developments in critical theory, philosophy, architecture, art, literature, and culture, which are generally characterized as either emerging from, in reaction to, or superseding, modernism.
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A dialogue (sometimes spelled dialog[1]) is a reciprocal conversation between two or more entities. The etymological origins of the word (in Greek διά(diá,through) + λόγος(logos,word,speech) concepts like
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Capitalism has been critiqued from many angles in its history.

Markets

The "free market"

Though many associate the free market concept with capitalism, there are some critics —notably mutualists and some other anarchists – who believe that a
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Critical rationalism is an epistemological philosophy advanced by Karl Popper. Popper wrote about critical rationalism in his works, The Open Society and its Enemies Volume 2, and Conjectures and Refutations.
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Karl Raimund Popper, CH, FRS, FBA (July 28, 1902 – September 17, 1994) was an Austrian and British[1] philosopher and a professor at the London School of Economics.
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Frankfurt School is a school of neo-Marxist critical theory, social research, and philosophy. The grouping emerged at the Institute for Social Research (Institut für Sozialforschung
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The social sciences are a group of academic disciplines that study human aspects of the world. They diverge from the arts and humanities in that the social sciences tend to emphasize the use of the scientific method in the study of humanity, including quantitative and qualitative
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Social philosophy is the philosophical study of questions about social behavior (typically, of humans). Social philosophy addresses a wide range of subjects, from individual meanings to legitimacy of laws, from the social contract to criteria for revolution, from the functions of
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This article indiscriminately cites its .
Please help [ improve this article] by keeping only reliable sources that directly support claims in the article. (, )
Wikipedia is not a . This article has been tagged since August 2007.
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Sociology (from Latin: socitus, "companion"; and the suffix -ology, "the study of", from Greek λόγος, lógos, "knowledge") is the systematic and scientific study of society and societal behavior.
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Social psychology is the study of how social conditions affect human beings. Scholars in this field are generally either psychologists or sociologists, though all social psychologists employ both the individual and the group as their units of analysis.
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Psychoanalysis

Constructs
Psychosexual development
Psychosocial development
Conscious • Preconscious • Unconscious
Id, ego, and super-ego
Libido • Drive
Transference • Sublimation • Resistance
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Cultural studies is an academic discipline which combines political economy, communication, sociology, social theory, literary theory, media theory, film/video studies, cultural anthropology, philosophy, museum studies and art history/criticism to study cultural phenomena in
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For other uses, see Discourses.


Discourse is communication that goes back and forth (from the Latin, discursus, "running to and fro"), such as debate or argument. The term is used in semantics and discourse analysis.
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Jack London

Jack London in 1902
Born: January 12 1876(1876--)
San Francisco, California
 United States
Died: November 22 1916 (aged 40)
Glen Ellen, California
 United States
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dystopia (from the Greek δυσ- and τόπος, alternatively, cacotopia,[1] kakotopia or anti-utopia) is a fictional society that is the antithesis of utopia.
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novel (from, Italian novella, Spanish novela, French nouvelle for "new", "news", or "short story of something new") is today a long prose narrative set out in writing.
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