Voiceless glottal fricative

Information about Voiceless glottal fricative

IPA – number	146
IPA – text	h
IPA – image
Entity	h
X-SAMPA	`h`
Kirshenbaum	`h`
Sound sample (helpinfo)

The voiceless glottal transition, commonly called a "fricative", is a type of sound used in some spoken languages which often behaves like a consonant, but sometimes behaves more like a vowel, or is indeterminate in its behavior. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is h, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is h. People lacking this sound in their native language often have difficulty trying to produce it. Notably, speakers of French.

Features

Features of the "voiceless glottal fricative":

Its phonation type is voiceless, which means that the air passes through the vocal cords without causing them to vibrate.
It is a transitional state of the glottis. It has no manner of articulation other than its phonation type. Because there is no other constriction to produce friction in the vocal tract, most phoneticians no longer consider [h] to be a fricative. However, the term "fricative" is generally retained for historical reasons.
It has no fricative place of articulation. The term glottal only refers to the nature of its phonation, and does not describe the location of the stricture nor the turbulence. All consonants except for the glottals, and all vowels, have an individual place of articulation in addition to the state of the glottis. As with all other consonants, surrounding vowels influence the pronunciation [h], and [h] has sometimes been presented as a voiceless vowel, having the place of articulation of these surrounding vowels.
It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth.
Because it is pronounced in the throat, without a component in the mouth, the central/lateral dichotomy does not apply.
The airstream mechanism is pulmonic egressive, which means it is articulated by pushing air out of the lungs and through the vocal tract, rather than from the glottis or the mouth.

Occurrence

Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
Arabic		هدهد	[ˈhudhud]	'hoopoe'	See Arabic phonology
Armenian		հայերեն	[hajɛɹɛn]	'Armenian'
Avar		гьа	[ha]	'oath'
Basque		hirur	[hiɾuɾ]	'this'
Chechen		хIара/?	[hara]	'this'
Coptic		ϩⲣⲁ	[hra]	'face'
English		high	[ˈhaɪ]	'high'	See English phonology
Faroese		Hon	[hoːn]	'she'
Finnish		hammas	[hɑmːɑs]	'tooth'	See Finnish phonology
German		haben	[haːbən]	'to have'	See German phonology
Hawaiian		example needed	[]	''	See Hawaiian phonology
Hebrew		har	[haʁ]	"mountain"	See Hebrew phonology
Hmong		hawm''	[haɨ̰]	'to honor'
Hungarian		helyes	[hɛjɛʃ]	'right'	See Hungarian phonology
Japanese		すはだ/suhada	[sɯhada]	'bare skin'	See Japanese phonology
Korean		호랑이/horang-i	[hoɾaŋi]	'tiger'	See Korean phonology
Kabardian		тхылъхэ	[tχɪɬhɑ]	'books'
Lao		ຫ້າ	[haː˧˩]	'five'
Navajo		example needed	[]	''
Norwegian		hatt	[hɑtː]	'hat'	See Norwegian phonology
Pashto		ﻫﻮ	[ho]	'yes'
Persian		هفت	[hæft]	'seven'	See Persian phonology
Pirahã		hi	[hì]	'he'
Romanian		hăţ	[həʦ]	'bridle'	See Romanian phonology
Spanish	Continental	obispo	[oˈβ̞ihpo]	'bishop'	See Spanish phonology
Spanish	Caribbean	Jaca	[ˈhaka]	'pony'	See Spanish phonology
Thai		ห้า	[haː˥˩]	'five'
Turkish		halı	[häˡɫɨ]	'carpet'	See Turkish phonology
Ubykh		[dwaha]		'prayer'	See Ubykh phonology
Vietnamese		hát	[ hɐːt̚˧˥]	'to sing'	See Vietnamese phonology

The Extended SAM Phonetic Alphabet (X-SAMPA) is a variant of SAMPA developed in 1995 by John C. Wells, professor of phonetics at the University of London. It was designed to unify the individual language SAMPA alphabets, and extend SAMPA to cover the entire range of characters in
..... Click the link for more information.

Kirshenbaum, sometimes called ASCII-IPA or erkIPA, is a system used to represent the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) in ASCII. It was developed for Usenet, notably the newsgroups sci.lang and alt.usage.english.
..... Click the link for more information.

Fricatives (or spirants) are consonants produced by forcing air through a narrow channel made by placing two articulators close together. These are the lower lip against the upper teeth in the case of [f]
..... Click the link for more information.

Speech communication refers to the processes associated with the production and perception of sounds used in spoken language. A number of academic disciplines study speech and speech sounds, including acoustics, psychology, speech pathology, linguistics, and computer science.
..... Click the link for more information.

See Language (journal) for the linguistics journal.

A language is a system of symbols and the rules used to manipulate them. Language can also refer to the use of such systems as a general phenomenon.
..... Click the link for more information.

consonant is a sound in spoken language that is characterized by a closure or stricture of the vocal tract sufficient to cause audible turbulence. The word consonant
..... Click the link for more information.

French (français, pronounced [fʁɑ̃ˈsɛ]) is a Romance language originally spoken in France, Belgium, Luxembourg, and Switzerland, and today by about 300 million people around the world as either
..... Click the link for more information.

In phonetics, phonation is the "use of the laryngeal system to generate an audible source of acoustic energy, i.e., sound, which can then be modified by the articulatory actions of the rest of the vocal apparatus.
..... Click the link for more information.

manner of articulation describes how the tongue, lips, and other speech organs are involved in making a sound make contact. Often the concept is only used for the production of consonants.
..... Click the link for more information.

place of articulation (also point of articulation) of a consonant is the point of contact, where an obstruction occurs in the vocal tract between an active (moving) articulator (typically some part of the tongue) and a passive (stationary) articulator (typically some part of
..... Click the link for more information.

Glottal consonants are consonants articulated with the glottis. Many phoneticians consider them, or at least the so-called fricatives, to be transitional states of the glottis without a point of articulation as other consonants have; in fact, some do not consider them to be
..... Click the link for more information.

An oral consonant is a consonant sound in speech that is made by allowing air to escape from the mouth. To create an intended oral consonant sound, the entire mouth plays a role in modifying the air's passageway.
..... Click the link for more information.

A central or medial consonant is a consonant sound that is produced when air flows across the center of the mouth over the tongue.

Examples of central consonants are the voiceless velar plosive (the "k" in the English word "skin"), the voiced alveolar fricative (the
..... Click the link for more information.

Laterals are "L"-like consonants pronounced with an occlusion made somewhere along the axis of the tongue, while air from the lungs escapes at one side or both sides of the tongue.
..... Click the link for more information.

In phonetics, initiation is the action by which an air-flow is created through the vocal tract. Along with articulation, it is one of the two mandatory aspects of sound production: without initiation, there is no sound.
..... Click the link for more information.

In human speech, pulmonic egressive sounds are those in which the air stream is created by the lungs (pulmonic) exhaling and pushing air out (egressive) through the mouth or nose. The majority of sounds in most languages are both pulmonic and egressive.
..... Click the link for more information.

lungs flank the heart and great vessels in the chest cavity.^[1]]]

The lung is the essential respiration organ in air-breathing vertebrates, the most primitive being the lungfish.
..... Click the link for more information.

The space between the vocal cords is called the glottis.

Function

As the vocal cords vibrate, the resulting vibration produces a "buzzing" quality to the speech, called voice or voicing.
..... Click the link for more information.

al-‘Arabiyyah in written Arabic (Kufic script):
Pronunciation: /alˌʕa.raˈbij.ja/
Spoken in: Algeria, Bahrain, Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco, Oman,
..... Click the link for more information.

Arabic abjad

Unicode range U+0600 to U+06FF
U+0750 to U+077F
U+FB50 to U+FDFF
U+FE70 to U+FEFF
ISO 15924 Arab (#160)

Note: This page may contain IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode.
..... Click the link for more information.

The Arabic language has a standard pronunciation, which is basically the one used to recite the Qur'an. The same pronunciation is used in newscasts, discourses and formal actuations of all types.
..... Click the link for more information.

Armenian}}}
Writing system: Armenian alphabet
Official status
Official language of: Armenia, Nagorno-Karabakh
Regulated by: National Academy of Sciences of Armenia
Language codes
ISO 639-1: hy
ISO 639-2: arm (B)
..... Click the link for more information.

Armenian alphabet

Sister systems Latin
Cyrillic
Coptic
Unicode range U+0530 to U+058F,
U+FB13 to U+FB17
ISO 15924 Armn

Note: This page may contain IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode.
..... Click the link for more information.

Avar language (self-designation магӀарул мацӀ [maʕarul maʦʼ]
..... Click the link for more information.

This article is copied from an article on Wikipedia.org - the free encyclopedia created and edited by online user community. The text was not checked or edited by anyone on our staff. Although the vast majority of the wikipedia encyclopedia articles provide accurate and timely information please do not assume the accuracy of any particular article. This article is distributed under the terms of GNU Free Documentation License.

EnglishInfo